tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-338786392024-03-13T15:37:33.448+07:00Learning with MeThis site provides information needed by students.learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.comBlogger29125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-36008799188363136962009-07-24T14:51:00.003+07:002010-02-24T12:28:56.226+07:00Bahasa Inggris<span class=”fullpost”>Berikut ini daftar artikel bahasa inggris:<br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2008/08/speech.html" target="_blank">Speech</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2007/01/english-for-islamic-education-quiz.html" target="_blank">ENGLISH FOR ISLAMIC EDUCATION (QUIZ)</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/11/biology.html" target="_blank">Biology</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/10/new-interchange-test-prep_29.html" target="_blank">New Interchange Test Prep</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/10/statement-of-professional-belief.html" target="_blank">STATEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL BELIEF:</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/10/kinesics-bone-collector.html" target="_blank">KINESICS THE BONE COLLECTOR</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/10/style-of-speech.html" target="_blank">STYLE OF SPEECH</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/10/socio-linguistic.html" target="_blank">Socio Linguistic</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/10/undergraduate-education_17.html" target="_blank">Undergraduate Education</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/09/error-analysis_25.html" target="_blank">Error Analysis</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/09/exerc-gerundadj-clause.html" target="_blank">Exerc-gerund,adj clause</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/09/intro-to-research-method.html" target="_blank">INTRO TO RESEARCH METHOD</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/09/adverb-clause.html" target="_blank">Adverb clause</a></li><br /></ul></span>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-29493912603949380742009-07-24T14:47:00.003+07:002010-02-24T12:29:24.596+07:00LAIN-LAIN<span class=”fullpost”>Berikut ini daftar artikel yang bisa anda lihat:<br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2008/06/to-make-download-faster.html" target="_blank">cara Mempercepat Download</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/11/antivirus-loren.html" target="_blank">Antivirus Loren</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/09/media-in-instruction.html" target="_blank">Media Pembelajaran</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/09/pembelajaran.html" target="_blank">Metode Pembelajaran</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2007/04/resume-buku-idi-antropologi-i.html" target="_blank">RESUME BUKU IDI ANTROPOLOGI</a></li><br /></ul></span>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-486531092142431172009-07-24T14:22:00.005+07:002010-02-24T12:29:47.299+07:00MATEMATIKA<span class=”fullpost”>Berikut ini daftar artikel yang berkaitan dengan Matematika:<br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/09/geometry_11.html<br />" target="_blank">Volume Benda-Benda Ruang</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/09/geometry.html" target="_blank">KEDUDUKAN TITIK,GARIS, DAN BIDANG DALAM RUANG</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/09/space-figures.html" target="_blank">Dimensi Tiga</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/09/pythagorean-theorem.html" target="_blank">Dalil Pythagoras</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2009/05/volume-benda-ruang.html" target="_blank">Volume Benda Ruang (2</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2007/04/limit-function.html<br />" target="_blank">Fungsi Limit</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://learning-with-me.blogspot.com/2006/11/practice.html" target="_blank">Jarak</a></li><br /></ul><br /></span>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-23039857552560459452009-05-16T09:31:00.006+07:002010-02-24T12:30:11.956+07:00VOLUME BENDA RUANG<div>VOLUME BENDA RUANG<br /><br />Pada intinya untuk menentukan volume benda ruang hanya terletak pada tiga bentuk umum, yaitu: (1) mempunyai alas dan tutup dengan bentuk dan ukuran yang sama (kongruen), (2) mempunyai alas dengan ujung runcing dan (3) bola.<br /><br />Bentuk 1:<br /><br />VOLUME = LUAS ALAS X TINGGI<br /><br />Bentuk 2:<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgrNwFcomNJdURYTTHDJGJ6kebtzcRCrbfi2TQ43jwP3oj5ysLWExqQojxc_c0p9NKgBL4Wp4gcKQamBRSs8_tIJ6YnZIqjOeZjFOSlzsAwGFqdspkuCLMZ5Uo8N-jUxqQLEA8/s1600-h/Untitled-1+copy.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336246844183633010" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 254px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 42px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgrNwFcomNJdURYTTHDJGJ6kebtzcRCrbfi2TQ43jwP3oj5ysLWExqQojxc_c0p9NKgBL4Wp4gcKQamBRSs8_tIJ6YnZIqjOeZjFOSlzsAwGFqdspkuCLMZ5Uo8N-jUxqQLEA8/s320/Untitled-1+copy.jpg" border="0" /></a> </div><br /><div><br /> </div><br /><div><br />Bentuk 3 (Spesial untuk Bola):<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU7u7Lc5SPSlDwF1T534_vqRBOMovZlWmLWcdlva02sl7CQFMkS8iS0DkeSDZXzoLlKDow0ThOrBOkUtem_2p7CsYk5Z59_NG9KHU4hwWaC2_7EFaF2ZXxvlrk9MrmOB1hjtBK/s1600-h/2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336246456629713522" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 134px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 42px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU7u7Lc5SPSlDwF1T534_vqRBOMovZlWmLWcdlva02sl7CQFMkS8iS0DkeSDZXzoLlKDow0ThOrBOkUtem_2p7CsYk5Z59_NG9KHU4hwWaC2_7EFaF2ZXxvlrk9MrmOB1hjtBK/s320/2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><div><br /><br />TIPS: Untuk menentukan volume benda,maka identifikasi benda ruang tersebut kemudian baru tentukan rumus mana yang di gunakan. </div></div>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-70118283273777471982008-08-17T11:09:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:30:35.383+07:00SPEECH<b>Topic : FREE SEX AND DRUG ABUSE</b><br /><p>-Opening<br /><br />Ladies and gentlemen,<br />As we all know, today we’re in the era of globalization, which is indicated by trade liberalization, and the easiness of transportation, communication, and information. On one side, the modern phenomena certainly have been of great help in making our lives easier. However, on the other side, it also brings big threat on developing countries including Indonesia. Why? Because we cannot deny that the easiness in transportation, communication, and the dissemination of information has big influence on the spread of diseases, drugs and other addictive substances, free-sex behavior, and further unhealthy life style. What we should be more concerned about is that all those negative things are potentially done by young people, the nation’s continuing generation. We can see nowadays, that consuming drugs and doing free sex are not strange things anymore for the youth in our country. When we look at globalization as one causing factor, we may have, for example, entertainment. Films and videos from abroad often show free-sex life among teenagers.<br /><span class="”fullpost”"><br /><p>The point is, ladies and gentlemen, youngsters need model figures, but unfortunately, the most widely publicized figures by the modern entertainment industry frequently demonstrate anti-social behavior, such as, drug and alcohol abuse, free sex, violence, and irresponsibility. What is even worse is that the swift flow of information is not balanced by adequate knowledge and understanding of the danger of the negative conduct. As it is disclosed by one research done by doctors in Jakarta that 10-12 % teenagers there have very minimum knowledge of sex. It causes much misperception about sex among them and it pushes them to try things out. About drug abuse, a lot of adolescence think that one little try won’t cause them anything. They don’t know that it may be the start of drug addiction.<br /><br />Ladies and gentlemen,<br />There’s still one factor that much probably causes free sex among teenagers, that is, pornography. Today, even children can get access easily to pornography through magazines, newspapers, films, and VCDs that are sold freely, and also Internet. Whereas in fact, it’s obvious that pornography has the potential of negative effects, such as addiction, escalation, desensitization, and act-out. By having that potential, pornography is very related to free sex in early age, which in turn, causes teenage pregnancy, abortion, single parenthood, prostitution, and venereal diseases, and AIDS.<br /><br />Ladies and gentlemen,<br />In summary, so many social problems happen today related to teenagers. Among them are free sex and drug abuse. Therefore, it is high time for everyone to do something about the matters. They cannot be solved or, at least, minimized without good cooperation between the government, parents, society, and teenagers themselves. We cannot avoid globalization but we certainly can fortify ourselves against its negative effects. Teenagers should know not only to what or to whom they say “No” but also how they say it. Parents should be on their sides when they need attention, guidance and advice. Social institutions can help teenagers by conducting social endurance programs, which may contain, for example, how to make decisions, determine personal targets, and handle pressure, communication skill, and other general social skills. Sex education should also be intensified, starting from the family environment to school and society. The danger of drug abuse should be regularly explained through various kinds of elucidation. About pornography, perhaps we can refer to the United States. There, if a region defines something as pornography, the material will receive firm action. Moreover, porn magazines are not sold in any place, buyers should show their ID cards, extreme violent materials and child pornography are forbidden at all costs and can only be obtained in dark market. Internet also has its own regulations. Law, especially that which is related to pornography, free sex and drug abuse, is to be upheld and it is mostly the government’s role to do that. And so, every possible attempt should be done to deal with the problems. After that, what’s left for us is to pray that the efforts will be successful and that the Indonesian young generation, my friends and I, can still be the nation’s hope that people can be proud of.<br /></p><p><-Closing </p></span></p>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-23265956531898379492008-06-08T11:49:00.002+07:002010-02-24T12:30:54.930+07:00HOW TO MAKE DOWNLOAD FASTER<span class="”fullpost”">Tulisan ini bukan merupakan sponsor tapi merupakan pengalaman pribadi penulis sendiri.Apa kamu sering ke warnet dan ketika kamu sedang download sesuatu ternyata lama banget sampai kamu desperate? Jangan khawatir, ada solusinya. Download aja internet download manager. Untuk file berkapasitas 9 MB hanya butuh waktu </span>maksimal 3 menit aja. Lumayan cepet kan. Makanya, langsung aja download dan install. Caranya coba kamu search di google alamat dari internet download manager langsung download. You'll never know till you have tried, so try it.learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-44935561866730731722007-04-14T12:59:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:31:12.852+07:00Limit Function<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Determine The value of limit</span><strong><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,51,51)"><em> f</em>(<em>x</em>) for </span></strong><strong><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,51,51)"><em>x </em>approuch to <em>c</em></span></strong><br /><strong><span style="COLOR: rgb(0,51,51)">Menentukan Nilai limit <em>f</em>(<em>x</em>) untuk <em>x </em>mendekati <em>c</em></span></strong><br /><br />1. Subtitute <span style="FONT-STYLE: italic">c </span><em>f (x) so <span style="FONT-STYLE: italic">the value is</span> </em><em>f </em>(<em>c</em>)<br />Subtitusikan c pada <em>f (x) </em>sehingga nilainya adalah <em>f </em>(<em>c</em>)<br />2. apabila didapat bentuk tak tentu , maka ubahlah bentuknya sehingga diperoleh bentuk tentu. Yaitu dengan mengalikan dengan bentuk sekawannya, menfaktorkan, membagi dengan variabel berpangkat tertinggi (pada limit <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv9LiETjDz9hl3gVm-J86RjDPofAagbyQBgAe_p3wyWF9jQ7zU5OIuytW_MDIvxRQL39NS_n0a814z8se5XtB57UHiv4Fnu71xBy14x7ch75PLs2Br0yZ00bsdguoYRGw0Wdr_/s1600-h/image010.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053164048227978514" style="WIDTH: 48px; HEIGHT: 17px" height="14" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv9LiETjDz9hl3gVm-J86RjDPofAagbyQBgAe_p3wyWF9jQ7zU5OIuytW_MDIvxRQL39NS_n0a814z8se5XtB57UHiv4Fnu71xBy14x7ch75PLs2Br0yZ00bsdguoYRGw0Wdr_/s320/image010.gif" width="48" border="0" /></a>), merubah nama (pada limit fungsi trigonometri), dll.<br />Teorema-teorema limit:<span class="fullpost"><br />1. Jika c dan k adalah kontanta maka <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTE6uizt8JrQlkgYK09iA052URXo141azM1JJrCBE4GWA2ptHVnTQK7C-t5aItYbtqGKhSoZYkUtztDDGOJhNJeUzGCc7ymRmhiyY4iLWhq-lJ_-ntGLSzhimRduaXHSf485M2/s1600-h/image012.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053164890041568546" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTE6uizt8JrQlkgYK09iA052URXo141azM1JJrCBE4GWA2ptHVnTQK7C-t5aItYbtqGKhSoZYkUtztDDGOJhNJeUzGCc7ymRmhiyY4iLWhq-lJ_-ntGLSzhimRduaXHSf485M2/s320/image012.gif" border="0" /></a><br />2. Jika c dan k adalah kontanta dan f adalah suatu fungsi x, maka <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU3g_SiOivmzo7-ovIBzoi8GXC2cj7zoK8LgPj-99AQcc0D9AhURYNGPAwd6kYIOY0d52kIgnM-sZYLh1XRKxWhurMtAUO1E_WHsEHu7hIBPl6HZJpZ06Bp3MHYkj7Q0YQX1f8/s1600-h/image014.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053165203574181170" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU3g_SiOivmzo7-ovIBzoi8GXC2cj7zoK8LgPj-99AQcc0D9AhURYNGPAwd6kYIOY0d52kIgnM-sZYLh1XRKxWhurMtAUO1E_WHsEHu7hIBPl6HZJpZ06Bp3MHYkj7Q0YQX1f8/s320/image014.gif" border="0" /></a><br />3. Jika c adalah konstanta dan f adalah suatu fungsi x, maka <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgucyUrUvs0b45EnjV0LCzHLKB0VOPfeSNhbnbQ6A5ZuvnQn22pWLCI_PM3U3oFHLTYhnOhJuzO7svPkWvvcWoYtC8tlC9p0iHvPjj28LKKQqldWMv9IwwZ3rP5DQxsacmPsm9r/s1600-h/image016.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053165603006139714" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgucyUrUvs0b45EnjV0LCzHLKB0VOPfeSNhbnbQ6A5ZuvnQn22pWLCI_PM3U3oFHLTYhnOhJuzO7svPkWvvcWoYtC8tlC9p0iHvPjj28LKKQqldWMv9IwwZ3rP5DQxsacmPsm9r/s320/image016.gif" border="0" /></a>.<br />4. Jika c adalah konstanta dan f dan g adalah fungsi-fungsi dari x, maka <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioi_kvTmIUf7B-tL5sP3KabFh3eWd4vvy-PYWPO44JhCzhNCsTvGaInvQa5033JOsSvFYsb-RYh4dBxvp0ixmtPMMODRD5UdiaBvQT5tt9R5-OMdCOIici_cRkebji1cuGJWxV/s1600-h/image018.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053168154216713570" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioi_kvTmIUf7B-tL5sP3KabFh3eWd4vvy-PYWPO44JhCzhNCsTvGaInvQa5033JOsSvFYsb-RYh4dBxvp0ixmtPMMODRD5UdiaBvQT5tt9R5-OMdCOIici_cRkebji1cuGJWxV/s320/image018.gif" border="0" /></a>.<br />5. Jika c adalah konstanta dan f dan g adalah fungsi-fungsi dari x, maka <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw4KNdnY22RqHyaT9MalVmoh1OdUSOdg-hJGnBJgtaxpsT740uaKF-TYiEmGOVZJW8ne_U5t4v9qTgYHfWPmsKqFw7RTb5yYNP3luxnJQXv8UG8oc6c_5qCoAbP5MfC0vwzL4i/s1600-h/image020.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053169038979976562" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw4KNdnY22RqHyaT9MalVmoh1OdUSOdg-hJGnBJgtaxpsT740uaKF-TYiEmGOVZJW8ne_U5t4v9qTgYHfWPmsKqFw7RTb5yYNP3luxnJQXv8UG8oc6c_5qCoAbP5MfC0vwzL4i/s320/image020.gif" border="0" /></a>.<br />6. Jika c adalah konstanta dan f dan g adalah fungsi-fungsi dari x, maka<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCasyHLGfWasOiezCNdnW_xhDxjBFQbadq-NQ_bR74pDvE_N9XPRFxxN8ZSmtmnzB7DViua9wOfs0oFbSlMsx_Neh16QIQ353T8eMrarJABpP6XUbmilJIgT79sgoJNgHnf31q/s1600-h/image022.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053170215801015682" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCasyHLGfWasOiezCNdnW_xhDxjBFQbadq-NQ_bR74pDvE_N9XPRFxxN8ZSmtmnzB7DViua9wOfs0oFbSlMsx_Neh16QIQ353T8eMrarJABpP6XUbmilJIgT79sgoJNgHnf31q/s320/image022.gif" border="0" /></a><br />7. Jika c adalah konstanta dan f fungsi dari x, maka <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYvBONchoSE2p9ZjCM_fKg2QWmB612HxHZ8a-eMUtx8Av1qFTMt2QiHsS5opNbUufPTkTx1mKAskB0z2wcrJadVlbnkAvzy1eM81LdLGW8yr9RCsza7p4Di0Y-khhfC9APL69H/s1600-h/image024.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053170477794020754" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYvBONchoSE2p9ZjCM_fKg2QWmB612HxHZ8a-eMUtx8Av1qFTMt2QiHsS5opNbUufPTkTx1mKAskB0z2wcrJadVlbnkAvzy1eM81LdLGW8yr9RCsza7p4Di0Y-khhfC9APL69H/s320/image024.gif" border="0" /></a> .<br /><br /><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Limit Fungsi Aljabar Berbentuk </span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiENkfI5QgDgZek5O6GB5a0qFHO7k6z9R3UrnDkqj6NC2opqduZ2D7Y7aBgXvlyhgXf-DnzxU6q-KuPSYocC3DiLf5PT3gCWWMJ5PM6WLMJVcL9C5hSzsoDLp7La3L99wirqZGB/s1600-h/image026.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053194276207809058" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiENkfI5QgDgZek5O6GB5a0qFHO7k6z9R3UrnDkqj6NC2opqduZ2D7Y7aBgXvlyhgXf-DnzxU6q-KuPSYocC3DiLf5PT3gCWWMJ5PM6WLMJVcL9C5hSzsoDLp7La3L99wirqZGB/s320/image026.gif" border="0" /></a><br />Jika diketahui <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-5d4DXsDOnrTfkZOubr8TXnqjqjeAULv16LJ09JnuCDbBh6b4XphMbQ3caJmZD51AhL_PXCGoi7k4lkaMU1I9j_9TfAZZyo8q5CD2uNvNdpgxPyYNgrvZ4Wy2-wzJVnlkBhuU/s1600-h/image028.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053194280502776370" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-5d4DXsDOnrTfkZOubr8TXnqjqjeAULv16LJ09JnuCDbBh6b4XphMbQ3caJmZD51AhL_PXCGoi7k4lkaMU1I9j_9TfAZZyo8q5CD2uNvNdpgxPyYNgrvZ4Wy2-wzJVnlkBhuU/s320/image028.gif" border="0" /></a>.<br />1. Untuk fungsi rasional<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxNDM2cMe5AjL5v_jLDNxDfXaipfRzYYQkWTLMLbYCqiEYtkkM6hGQuppGbxBNxS37-rDd3jkdU5lqhS_WQowmM_VKZV7aQSQ_E146MqXdPZVKqbe9y9EffB3yawtuIcxrBmNp/s1600-h/image030.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053194280502776386" style="WIDTH: 235px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 59px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxNDM2cMe5AjL5v_jLDNxDfXaipfRzYYQkWTLMLbYCqiEYtkkM6hGQuppGbxBNxS37-rDd3jkdU5lqhS_WQowmM_VKZV7aQSQ_E146MqXdPZVKqbe9y9EffB3yawtuIcxrBmNp/s320/image030.gif" border="0" /></a><br />maka nilai limitnya adalah<br />· Jika m = n, maka <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFTNBnNTPClx6V8MM-N_eOJqhAbX0lcDP86Q84Q_8CGRbHep56CrDU86i1OOYmP1rtLXunVsh2o2TxFnsrJdGGVARk2j7mjAGpECYzY9HwHaqDufpMfmccLzIBWizucTKOhfA1/s1600-h/image032.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053194280502776402" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFTNBnNTPClx6V8MM-N_eOJqhAbX0lcDP86Q84Q_8CGRbHep56CrDU86i1OOYmP1rtLXunVsh2o2TxFnsrJdGGVARk2j7mjAGpECYzY9HwHaqDufpMfmccLzIBWizucTKOhfA1/s320/image032.gif" border="0" /></a>.<br />Bukti:<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCsHzeRJcLxXaRi1P3yZf4nApy-YPXNmLJ8RjPCKPlGXtYZeoSHq1yZWABql3dy0NwrSNZz5knL4UEsmd9iU2qhwinUYdfCTI_wFxBs55WBH5-19cKYPZUcOA2hxJhbdOQxTNW/s1600-h/image034.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053195573287932514" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCsHzeRJcLxXaRi1P3yZf4nApy-YPXNmLJ8RjPCKPlGXtYZeoSHq1yZWABql3dy0NwrSNZz5knL4UEsmd9iU2qhwinUYdfCTI_wFxBs55WBH5-19cKYPZUcOA2hxJhbdOQxTNW/s320/image034.gif" border="0" /></a><br />apabila di subtitusikan langsung maka akan diperoleh bentuk tak tentu <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgofrmkjsjHIDKsxZJvfUm3fEcjKBtg1PVcluLb_UBxEkiDdwShZVigMbJU4q83UhQkAj8LmR6w191nAZQkiTjl1eCwB3GjhA7o5i2efU_fSqpBa_lvjFyNNg2z0E_9op8ZUZ_6/s1600-h/image036.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053195573287932530" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgofrmkjsjHIDKsxZJvfUm3fEcjKBtg1PVcluLb_UBxEkiDdwShZVigMbJU4q83UhQkAj8LmR6w191nAZQkiTjl1eCwB3GjhA7o5i2efU_fSqpBa_lvjFyNNg2z0E_9op8ZUZ_6/s320/image036.gif" border="0" /></a>, sehingga <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD3j7iIf8vRch11F7MN-WPdYMO0jgAQ65cH1GeijEkrLSum8Fi8S4dilz2Ge7-gjMUuvJEhuBa5xTYS7oKSlhfOTEUAGAumFxRWbADKEE0OZ9VOOEAw3kzCcDJvKIelSLbiOiz/s1600-h/image038.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053195573287932546" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD3j7iIf8vRch11F7MN-WPdYMO0jgAQ65cH1GeijEkrLSum8Fi8S4dilz2Ge7-gjMUuvJEhuBa5xTYS7oKSlhfOTEUAGAumFxRWbADKEE0OZ9VOOEAw3kzCcDJvKIelSLbiOiz/s320/image038.gif" border="0" /></a>harus diubah sedemikian hingga apabila disubtitusikan menjadi bentuk tentu, dan diketahui bahwa:<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp3j4-4vHV-WMJ0sjS6LUN3LWa1SYc_hgsBHEgTG1_r2w6KAqV97Uv6Keu8joWZDFuQ5p1wLTaR2mb2Q6Z3BSM13iQGd4Z3wH2K7q-HstYwjAtu6ZervcVg0aZXxqxYJ3Sdy_F/s1600-h/image040.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053195577582899858" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp3j4-4vHV-WMJ0sjS6LUN3LWa1SYc_hgsBHEgTG1_r2w6KAqV97Uv6Keu8joWZDFuQ5p1wLTaR2mb2Q6Z3BSM13iQGd4Z3wH2K7q-HstYwjAtu6ZervcVg0aZXxqxYJ3Sdy_F/s320/image040.gif" border="0" /></a> dengan n adalah sembarang bilangan rasional. Yaitu dengan cara membaginya dengan x berpangkat tertinggi.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPFptO4F3LcFE_T-QSrZVpYmQYDX2kfgrqi2MqYqRonFlFXdZHPKqxC6Ba3_uoJrvtN-uReNFt7DLRlQa8_HtrZgxyf4vkMNJmnr4JS96tFOh-fnmJoMAC8f5f9p0Ol3YVWT5U/s1600-h/image042.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053195577582899874" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPFptO4F3LcFE_T-QSrZVpYmQYDX2kfgrqi2MqYqRonFlFXdZHPKqxC6Ba3_uoJrvtN-uReNFt7DLRlQa8_HtrZgxyf4vkMNJmnr4JS96tFOh-fnmJoMAC8f5f9p0Ol3YVWT5U/s320/image042.gif" border="0" /></a><br />· Jika <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAwJ_8SLG7ygETxnNnK_w6aib5LK2VCJohNSK3nv0P3jXItH4RBEloInokQseoZ2e-OpGYo9tHfce6D14Y4wBXPYtsFZkQl5DUSy4YF8WchCVpBKi1bubhsKzZ8-Q2Fm7SuYgb/s1600-h/image044.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053196805943546546" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAwJ_8SLG7ygETxnNnK_w6aib5LK2VCJohNSK3nv0P3jXItH4RBEloInokQseoZ2e-OpGYo9tHfce6D14Y4wBXPYtsFZkQl5DUSy4YF8WchCVpBKi1bubhsKzZ8-Q2Fm7SuYgb/s320/image044.gif" border="0" /></a> dan <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC0WsaI6Vr5iaOA15-Zvb50jLhxgEKspSyWbJzOjV91_ub-Mjuq6Z-T_PWRE9pimbKNObjVlLntO0reKKmRbJWGGjFpuDE9Z5zkXBd95T7tBgGKWuNKWFgrL3BIrutMbz8FIcL/s1600-h/image046.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053196805943546562" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC0WsaI6Vr5iaOA15-Zvb50jLhxgEKspSyWbJzOjV91_ub-Mjuq6Z-T_PWRE9pimbKNObjVlLntO0reKKmRbJWGGjFpuDE9Z5zkXBd95T7tBgGKWuNKWFgrL3BIrutMbz8FIcL/s320/image046.gif" border="0" /></a> , maka <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi34sFtFG03gCbCs28fo01yAmLSE3Z_a4ZrpXYsd0329C_HhkMvXyQ8INHMem6TLMu2JIO2xwVtm3pUHAmlWVueWyNjJXVbkxHCf8cqRef3RK-YzvzqjIC8SgeTXd20yu_zQBvh/s1600-h/image048.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053196810238513874" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi34sFtFG03gCbCs28fo01yAmLSE3Z_a4ZrpXYsd0329C_HhkMvXyQ8INHMem6TLMu2JIO2xwVtm3pUHAmlWVueWyNjJXVbkxHCf8cqRef3RK-YzvzqjIC8SgeTXd20yu_zQBvh/s320/image048.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCsHzeRJcLxXaRi1P3yZf4nApy-YPXNmLJ8RjPCKPlGXtYZeoSHq1yZWABql3dy0NwrSNZz5knL4UEsmd9iU2qhwinUYdfCTI_wFxBs55WBH5-19cKYPZUcOA2hxJhbdOQxTNW/s1600-h/image034.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053195573287932514" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCsHzeRJcLxXaRi1P3yZf4nApy-YPXNmLJ8RjPCKPlGXtYZeoSHq1yZWABql3dy0NwrSNZz5knL4UEsmd9iU2qhwinUYdfCTI_wFxBs55WBH5-19cKYPZUcOA2hxJhbdOQxTNW/s320/image034.gif" border="0" /></a><br />apabila di subtitusikan langsung maka akan diperoleh bentuk tak tentu , sehingga <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD3j7iIf8vRch11F7MN-WPdYMO0jgAQ65cH1GeijEkrLSum8Fi8S4dilz2Ge7-gjMUuvJEhuBa5xTYS7oKSlhfOTEUAGAumFxRWbADKEE0OZ9VOOEAw3kzCcDJvKIelSLbiOiz/s1600-h/image038.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053195573287932546" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD3j7iIf8vRch11F7MN-WPdYMO0jgAQ65cH1GeijEkrLSum8Fi8S4dilz2Ge7-gjMUuvJEhuBa5xTYS7oKSlhfOTEUAGAumFxRWbADKEE0OZ9VOOEAw3kzCcDJvKIelSLbiOiz/s320/image038.gif" border="0" /></a> harus diubah sedemikian hingga apabila disubtitusikan mejadi bentuk tentu, dan diketahui bahwa<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp3j4-4vHV-WMJ0sjS6LUN3LWa1SYc_hgsBHEgTG1_r2w6KAqV97Uv6Keu8joWZDFuQ5p1wLTaR2mb2Q6Z3BSM13iQGd4Z3wH2K7q-HstYwjAtu6ZervcVg0aZXxqxYJ3Sdy_F/s1600-h/image040.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053195577582899858" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp3j4-4vHV-WMJ0sjS6LUN3LWa1SYc_hgsBHEgTG1_r2w6KAqV97Uv6Keu8joWZDFuQ5p1wLTaR2mb2Q6Z3BSM13iQGd4Z3wH2K7q-HstYwjAtu6ZervcVg0aZXxqxYJ3Sdy_F/s320/image040.gif" border="0" /></a>, dengan n adalah sembarang bilangan rasional. Yaitu dengan cara membaginya dengan x berpangkat tertinggi. Dalam hal ini pangkat tertingginya adalah n, karena <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAwJ_8SLG7ygETxnNnK_w6aib5LK2VCJohNSK3nv0P3jXItH4RBEloInokQseoZ2e-OpGYo9tHfce6D14Y4wBXPYtsFZkQl5DUSy4YF8WchCVpBKi1bubhsKzZ8-Q2Fm7SuYgb/s1600-h/image044.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053196805943546546" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAwJ_8SLG7ygETxnNnK_w6aib5LK2VCJohNSK3nv0P3jXItH4RBEloInokQseoZ2e-OpGYo9tHfce6D14Y4wBXPYtsFZkQl5DUSy4YF8WchCVpBKi1bubhsKzZ8-Q2Fm7SuYgb/s320/image044.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3lLiagXpa2s6CpnPzCD4jIh0bk-1WuopwyFsfARlldJY5idhbl3RKs9-L6lFaVK1mfgW_8oL_ePzvpnWHyWL-Wg2D4_8yDlzfU1xgEFmJrwxxHTVZ3vQAg3rfNeLfFiZcKuyY/s1600-h/image051.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053199674981700322" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3lLiagXpa2s6CpnPzCD4jIh0bk-1WuopwyFsfARlldJY5idhbl3RKs9-L6lFaVK1mfgW_8oL_ePzvpnWHyWL-Wg2D4_8yDlzfU1xgEFmJrwxxHTVZ3vQAg3rfNeLfFiZcKuyY/s320/image051.gif" border="0" /></a><br />· Jika <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfY0EodZveB0h3XR0h9x3gNincwCVu_jgmAvN12XeTCUFqJZUH3F5oFes_fo2Lcrr668QRoeA6Ae3clvsjlYY7em_uyXkXY1mMq25YRchBYNVxW1-ZbgRK-BEKn4FbZrrg5wHb/s1600-h/image057.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053199679276667666" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfY0EodZveB0h3XR0h9x3gNincwCVu_jgmAvN12XeTCUFqJZUH3F5oFes_fo2Lcrr668QRoeA6Ae3clvsjlYY7em_uyXkXY1mMq25YRchBYNVxW1-ZbgRK-BEKn4FbZrrg5wHb/s320/image057.gif" border="0" /></a> , maka <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWwBlICIjp9TCxMnHAXWIqfzaMqLCpo3C-MIb6lG0fA4ADTnduh-8-txYasl_WxahtBNwtrIWv7pda9G1VbZZxedbKYAarPn7CDfaxOQ06A5_55BLtrasEARWuWt4Q13wj8U4C/s1600-h/image055.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053199679276667650" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWwBlICIjp9TCxMnHAXWIqfzaMqLCpo3C-MIb6lG0fA4ADTnduh-8-txYasl_WxahtBNwtrIWv7pda9G1VbZZxedbKYAarPn7CDfaxOQ06A5_55BLtrasEARWuWt4Q13wj8U4C/s320/image055.gif" border="0" /></a> . Identik dengan bukti sebelumnya hanya saja karena maka misal s > 0 dengan <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2wf3XkrEeuj18MmAioECmd4NR11cTz_UzzFgfdOiTux9I6Y_Cyq8nl6mhyphenhyphenjvqI3eq3dVXDZSkrdkKo5YLeN0LIHORDW02eGinybDnUqlPl8igT6R1XpRNhyphenhyphenkygyKgyL6i1b8z/s1600-h/image059.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053199679276667682" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2wf3XkrEeuj18MmAioECmd4NR11cTz_UzzFgfdOiTux9I6Y_Cyq8nl6mhyphenhyphenjvqI3eq3dVXDZSkrdkKo5YLeN0LIHORDW02eGinybDnUqlPl8igT6R1XpRNhyphenhyphenkygyKgyL6i1b8z/s320/image059.gif" border="0" /></a>, maka nilai limitnya dapat ditulis sebagai<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0CiBogQSMjYYjlozrO9UlgHOha7CVWPZcJjj4oyV9fdnwpgspEr9TUlwZ25Ym7KZOvFqxywiGZbaDrS_GrnjYs01Tz-FndqDgbD_AAhrxFwrnLJBzsoysiQg8mkZfQzNQeTgK/s1600-h/image061.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053200770198360882" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0CiBogQSMjYYjlozrO9UlgHOha7CVWPZcJjj4oyV9fdnwpgspEr9TUlwZ25Ym7KZOvFqxywiGZbaDrS_GrnjYs01Tz-FndqDgbD_AAhrxFwrnLJBzsoysiQg8mkZfQzNQeTgK/s320/image061.gif" border="0" /></a>.<br />· Jika <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhABjNavKKBZgbZ_DpyoRt08KyJ42WnKoHfRp7eS98wCjgfrS9ZPEai36VFOMZsk2ohgPOqWFSUvpJkri5xFlEH0BT2CTr1VI79TfxDr_ERI6EVhRl5OzS27Z7nPz3chUfHddoJ/s1600-h/image063.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053200770198360898" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhABjNavKKBZgbZ_DpyoRt08KyJ42WnKoHfRp7eS98wCjgfrS9ZPEai36VFOMZsk2ohgPOqWFSUvpJkri5xFlEH0BT2CTr1VI79TfxDr_ERI6EVhRl5OzS27Z7nPz3chUfHddoJ/s320/image063.gif" border="0" /></a> , maka<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs-kNRfY25ek3eK0FjQuHXSHObeBNigyHv0q8wwMmt6cxlUqcXxB3nZT-m0IdNTYqO5b3nAYaSxPZBUzdJQg5tt84NCKftOCI6CWq5XB4gcxXG9hkW6ChKKuBTtWRv8Le7znvL/s1600-h/image065.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053200774493328210" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs-kNRfY25ek3eK0FjQuHXSHObeBNigyHv0q8wwMmt6cxlUqcXxB3nZT-m0IdNTYqO5b3nAYaSxPZBUzdJQg5tt84NCKftOCI6CWq5XB4gcxXG9hkW6ChKKuBTtWRv8Le7znvL/s320/image065.gif" border="0" /></a> . Untuk bukti yang ini ditinggalkan sebagai latihan.<br /><br />Apabila anda telah mengetahui hal ini maka anda dapat memanfaatkannya dalam menghadapi ujian yaitu dengan mengidentifikasi pangkat tertinggi dari variabel pada pembilang dan penyebutnya.<br /><br />2. Untuk <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxBsLeVMHPlyG0iXoIHEeriBdAdwn94ImQXZlJV-pY6_tyYW6EDUWL99ESqkgO-31wvWet0AxLH4QSTtoqWqV5gZOOwTwYCV80VbE32fJv2Qz1vWh5nT49UApgJSN2Df2VenzQ/s1600-h/image068.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053200774493328226" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxBsLeVMHPlyG0iXoIHEeriBdAdwn94ImQXZlJV-pY6_tyYW6EDUWL99ESqkgO-31wvWet0AxLH4QSTtoqWqV5gZOOwTwYCV80VbE32fJv2Qz1vWh5nT49UApgJSN2Df2VenzQ/s320/image068.gif" border="0" /></a> .<br /><br />· Jika <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvpNsk9BteqhHidwcdUzpdsvGYEkVebUWbt2bKFMlO41ieFVHPvQUmkjosnjAhy_GrIemNXj-lYmW_G0A00L2qM4shRu-B0F0fR1DYei3PU4FJ6wbaUp3u1IsZ2kA0w8GoEbF/s1600-h/image070.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053201547587441522" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvpNsk9BteqhHidwcdUzpdsvGYEkVebUWbt2bKFMlO41ieFVHPvQUmkjosnjAhy_GrIemNXj-lYmW_G0A00L2qM4shRu-B0F0fR1DYei3PU4FJ6wbaUp3u1IsZ2kA0w8GoEbF/s320/image070.gif" border="0" /></a>, maka <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs-kNRfY25ek3eK0FjQuHXSHObeBNigyHv0q8wwMmt6cxlUqcXxB3nZT-m0IdNTYqO5b3nAYaSxPZBUzdJQg5tt84NCKftOCI6CWq5XB4gcxXG9hkW6ChKKuBTtWRv8Le7znvL/s1600-h/image065.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053200774493328210" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs-kNRfY25ek3eK0FjQuHXSHObeBNigyHv0q8wwMmt6cxlUqcXxB3nZT-m0IdNTYqO5b3nAYaSxPZBUzdJQg5tt84NCKftOCI6CWq5XB4gcxXG9hkW6ChKKuBTtWRv8Le7znvL/s320/image065.gif" border="0" /></a>.<br />Bukti:<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtC2iV73dMNBqrrqb3tyhHY8ZYQPwxBEQu5OcoX3ySYBY4yFvtwPPNEDiw685jfESzaE5bYk-yOTrIIpsgjUZDk5uNExuYaToSQBEqLMiw_o5tMgtRNOOw463GinahZ3NLIgkF/s1600-h/image073.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053201547587441538" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtC2iV73dMNBqrrqb3tyhHY8ZYQPwxBEQu5OcoX3ySYBY4yFvtwPPNEDiw685jfESzaE5bYk-yOTrIIpsgjUZDk5uNExuYaToSQBEqLMiw_o5tMgtRNOOw463GinahZ3NLIgkF/s320/image073.gif" border="0" /></a><br />Karena <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvpNsk9BteqhHidwcdUzpdsvGYEkVebUWbt2bKFMlO41ieFVHPvQUmkjosnjAhy_GrIemNXj-lYmW_G0A00L2qM4shRu-B0F0fR1DYei3PU4FJ6wbaUp3u1IsZ2kA0w8GoEbF/s1600-h/image070.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053201547587441522" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvpNsk9BteqhHidwcdUzpdsvGYEkVebUWbt2bKFMlO41ieFVHPvQUmkjosnjAhy_GrIemNXj-lYmW_G0A00L2qM4shRu-B0F0fR1DYei3PU4FJ6wbaUp3u1IsZ2kA0w8GoEbF/s320/image070.gif" border="0" /></a> maka<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxGehWsqv2QGryYSMW1tpWcKBBQumaNeYKC4vheF1sedcm1rM2Oa861UAyA4smalNK4_BOcFcbMKusBv8Y92xYDqqGYDjJ9GkiJzj7EqnexCe679TPyDsKsFzOBkXEaCdX64o7/s1600-h/image075.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053201551882408850" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxGehWsqv2QGryYSMW1tpWcKBBQumaNeYKC4vheF1sedcm1rM2Oa861UAyA4smalNK4_BOcFcbMKusBv8Y92xYDqqGYDjJ9GkiJzj7EqnexCe679TPyDsKsFzOBkXEaCdX64o7/s320/image075.gif" border="0" /></a> , sehingga variabel berpangkat tertingginya adalah <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE0XauLlWBlmR8dGwZjvm1p42qBDyML9j8GTxSizHmPHdqLIUDArUT9hBsD6LQ729b2SRwJUnf_TrjTpbvASKWuBOxKJoYfHkzY0y8x9SUJH3vMwsL4XjAcYd67yvDXjM91yLN/s1600-h/image077.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053201551882408866" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE0XauLlWBlmR8dGwZjvm1p42qBDyML9j8GTxSizHmPHdqLIUDArUT9hBsD6LQ729b2SRwJUnf_TrjTpbvASKWuBOxKJoYfHkzY0y8x9SUJH3vMwsL4XjAcYd67yvDXjM91yLN/s320/image077.gif" border="0" /></a> , sehingga diperoleh:<br /><br />· Jika <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK364Kqx6-fG_wbPHKZD32Rm59m6mN0WOHKNWieG_pjgWUdyTXPMFEgJeiwNPTMVb35ctRPd014CbY5G6YQHC0fqXUeBeaCzACjx4XFJolzziBEVcbQxkkaN-0H_q-OHkL0sEM/s1600-h/image079.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053201551882408882" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK364Kqx6-fG_wbPHKZD32Rm59m6mN0WOHKNWieG_pjgWUdyTXPMFEgJeiwNPTMVb35ctRPd014CbY5G6YQHC0fqXUeBeaCzACjx4XFJolzziBEVcbQxkkaN-0H_q-OHkL0sEM/s320/image079.gif" border="0" /></a>, maka <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi34sFtFG03gCbCs28fo01yAmLSE3Z_a4ZrpXYsd0329C_HhkMvXyQ8INHMem6TLMu2JIO2xwVtm3pUHAmlWVueWyNjJXVbkxHCf8cqRef3RK-YzvzqjIC8SgeTXd20yu_zQBvh/s1600-h/image048.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053196810238513874" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi34sFtFG03gCbCs28fo01yAmLSE3Z_a4ZrpXYsd0329C_HhkMvXyQ8INHMem6TLMu2JIO2xwVtm3pUHAmlWVueWyNjJXVbkxHCf8cqRef3RK-YzvzqjIC8SgeTXd20yu_zQBvh/s320/image048.gif" border="0" /></a> .<br /><br />Apabila anda telah mengetahui hal ini maka anda dapat memanfaatkannya dalam menghadapi ujian yaitu dengan memperhatikan koefisien variabel –variabel berpangkat tertinggi.<br /><br /><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Limit Fungsi Trigonometri</span><br />A. <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyUL_jA3uaPsfhD52y1s0kCYlmkhwM1gFA71QE9p4SlsKAxyj_fbAdasx7CwSIjP2buH-3dQNvuxWS882hLDcBCHEYf8-NdAlm2Qd4NaG7e-1jyC04BroVoxND7G5eudz7ikfQ/s1600-h/image104.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053176898770128354" style="WIDTH: 86px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 43px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyUL_jA3uaPsfhD52y1s0kCYlmkhwM1gFA71QE9p4SlsKAxyj_fbAdasx7CwSIjP2buH-3dQNvuxWS882hLDcBCHEYf8-NdAlm2Qd4NaG7e-1jyC04BroVoxND7G5eudz7ikfQ/s320/image104.gif" border="0" /></a> dan <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTH__jdW7Z83l_z-HcpRksulMCOHKtoD6ZykZdOP7DnCXcon5A5fAZrRZPfN7kXkdLq4oqXJB_XhJHm3SWWPX7XDr5L00J-Eaj-Awh1mOhh_pRbp3VFvO27hAZnEbkAoPeWfaj/s1600-h/image102.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053176898770128338" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTH__jdW7Z83l_z-HcpRksulMCOHKtoD6ZykZdOP7DnCXcon5A5fAZrRZPfN7kXkdLq4oqXJB_XhJHm3SWWPX7XDr5L00J-Eaj-Awh1mOhh_pRbp3VFvO27hAZnEbkAoPeWfaj/s320/image102.gif" border="0" /></a><br />Bukti:<br />Perhatikan gambar berikut<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQGSPI8HLdbUcDDNmNBnnRgt6SEoo0iAxjp10E-UqZQJyT3UfjeC6tR57Db0bDjsmwDj7v3I6RN6_kwiHcjv0FCw5cAPr7qT8ZJ9PF0jv0Ilpj6FynZAqflI9dcbKJIz9ja8SM/s1600-h/image105.gif"><br /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQGSPI8HLdbUcDDNmNBnnRgt6SEoo0iAxjp10E-UqZQJyT3UfjeC6tR57Db0bDjsmwDj7v3I6RN6_kwiHcjv0FCw5cAPr7qT8ZJ9PF0jv0Ilpj6FynZAqflI9dcbKJIz9ja8SM/s1600-h/image105.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053176898770128370" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQGSPI8HLdbUcDDNmNBnnRgt6SEoo0iAxjp10E-UqZQJyT3UfjeC6tR57Db0bDjsmwDj7v3I6RN6_kwiHcjv0FCw5cAPr7qT8ZJ9PF0jv0Ilpj6FynZAqflI9dcbKJIz9ja8SM/s320/image105.gif" border="0" /></a><br />Misalkan α adalah sudut lancip pada juring lingkaran dengan jari-jari 1 satuan. Titik <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKz5TcM-vaUxPa74lSa551uLoJkWHOThDJcNOJ41bU807aFI-gC-Q4ob-D2LFbdEPitfIRpVRxY182lyo_fkuVhk6gKB3rNpPM9IriUvLKkfg-jmAgEzrkYqN6UVIeKf-8co5/s1600-h/image107.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053176903065095682" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKz5TcM-vaUxPa74lSa551uLoJkWHOThDJcNOJ41bU807aFI-gC-Q4ob-D2LFbdEPitfIRpVRxY182lyo_fkuVhk6gKB3rNpPM9IriUvLKkfg-jmAgEzrkYqN6UVIeKf-8co5/s320/image107.gif" border="0" /></a>,<span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"> B (1, 0) </span>dan <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqhLRB3IY1-IQpfIBgUPQQcYv6SAKfF_ViXURTbJFY3MLg5r3hGYRCIwNWydRCr3dkSXwBiedyns_CoDYYp_Ot3wfG_LxZRUUUMNAc8R58C2pXSdCEpClIc-uhi3yZCZZKBF9l/s1600-h/image111.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053180635391676018" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqhLRB3IY1-IQpfIBgUPQQcYv6SAKfF_ViXURTbJFY3MLg5r3hGYRCIwNWydRCr3dkSXwBiedyns_CoDYYp_Ot3wfG_LxZRUUUMNAc8R58C2pXSdCEpClIc-uhi3yZCZZKBF9l/s320/image111.gif" border="0" /></a>. Dari gambar tersebut diperoleh:<br />i) Luas segitiga OBP = <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh2iUyvkYtIzN55L8_fCgQJxeCLLNSox_iPaRuNu8R-y6Fi3HqeZK3l8YeEi8QIypp2UsaoOxg03Wx8vRSJZUcLMRJzDYVjEF8HgxfmZlhwiEOJLoyR2UtP8OF05UG9u_uCMVu/s1600-h/image113.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053180639686643330" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh2iUyvkYtIzN55L8_fCgQJxeCLLNSox_iPaRuNu8R-y6Fi3HqeZK3l8YeEi8QIypp2UsaoOxg03Wx8vRSJZUcLMRJzDYVjEF8HgxfmZlhwiEOJLoyR2UtP8OF05UG9u_uCMVu/s320/image113.gif" border="0" /></a><br />ii) Luas juring OBP = <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmg5FK4fN38p_poLje4HEuiMVgOyldpnMIXFTnkF6xzPyE0MKbschp9Lq82ekyQbdNv9kA1Kh33JKCi4on_VuDNVfAduAuPKgnoVrA-8KAgAPYvQmQ-rSxnIAfNhX-WeKwl8on/s1600-h/image115.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053180639686643346" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmg5FK4fN38p_poLje4HEuiMVgOyldpnMIXFTnkF6xzPyE0MKbschp9Lq82ekyQbdNv9kA1Kh33JKCi4on_VuDNVfAduAuPKgnoVrA-8KAgAPYvQmQ-rSxnIAfNhX-WeKwl8on/s320/image115.gif" border="0" /></a><br />iii) Luas segitiga OBQ =<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKPdMAehZ82gfZCBRRdxsf4utx8ZAgT_55xyehmD4EEafo__1XAiqJnJ7omelqz6jH1lZUHpy6qAM4xib2z8Ft9wcq4nwso640D-NaAEbB8Toth90ifSWNb22HOd-2OBXGcoxo/s1600-h/image117.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053180639686643362" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKPdMAehZ82gfZCBRRdxsf4utx8ZAgT_55xyehmD4EEafo__1XAiqJnJ7omelqz6jH1lZUHpy6qAM4xib2z8Ft9wcq4nwso640D-NaAEbB8Toth90ifSWNb22HOd-2OBXGcoxo/s320/image117.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt">Padahal 0 <><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HPhpLyV1y7iQAiLQaqimWnX6-ZCKp8UtEYjq6zFqjkqdgEBc0z2uiqnhZjEmxXhSTknaWlnkTmSa-fOpzZYj5YDZbGcFL8hLtG4ABelOo3t_39ASP-PdMoRc0bOeXxyI2y6A/s1600-h/image119.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053180643981610674" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HPhpLyV1y7iQAiLQaqimWnX6-ZCKp8UtEYjq6zFqjkqdgEBc0z2uiqnhZjEmxXhSTknaWlnkTmSa-fOpzZYj5YDZbGcFL8hLtG4ABelOo3t_39ASP-PdMoRc0bOeXxyI2y6A/s320/image119.gif" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt">Masing-masing ruas kalikan dengan <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipvyNo6Pp2ReimvQm7L5l9qVoGiRz4pu5pNcMwnRvVsMB4simV_dnFuONn3EVvbsjH8AY3Wu4EVQDy6KjzcbwrwYnz9VABs9w61RODmtMQbHyQyIGfXMdmi0qrksiRfpAmOyQx/s1600-h/image121.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053183354105974706" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipvyNo6Pp2ReimvQm7L5l9qVoGiRz4pu5pNcMwnRvVsMB4simV_dnFuONn3EVvbsjH8AY3Wu4EVQDy6KjzcbwrwYnz9VABs9w61RODmtMQbHyQyIGfXMdmi0qrksiRfpAmOyQx/s320/image121.gif" border="0" /></a><sub><?xml:namespace prefix = v /><v:shape id="_x0000_i1100" style="WIDTH: 30pt; HEIGHT: 30.75pt" ole="" type="#_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:imagedata title="" src="Menentukan%20nilai%20limit_files/image120.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></sub>, sehingga diperoleh:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVvpOsje04woQid94tCkn0ArtnPpRqRGpV3u647mmnkQ6vM7snlWByIQpcquN-5F5yO_a27O5dBNud0kIhmx1Ljke9ufQL_oMxyxBBq4JIXhXg1O1bmEhte78SeUZOVvzFR8oG/s1600-h/image123.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053183354105974722" style="WIDTH: 117px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 43px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVvpOsje04woQid94tCkn0ArtnPpRqRGpV3u647mmnkQ6vM7snlWByIQpcquN-5F5yO_a27O5dBNud0kIhmx1Ljke9ufQL_oMxyxBBq4JIXhXg1O1bmEhte78SeUZOVvzFR8oG/s320/image123.gif" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU2nFrIfF2B-VOCI8o8aTIrzAvddiVFiJ1d_AKiduIZXkWoGbjuo-jHltyhlazTW0V4HL1DcJM0dXB_h9Svd9ColfYjpVRmWRBXWL0ClAE6TXjIueq2WXmzSkYW1WSITxdGv3o/s1600-h/image125.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053183354105974738" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU2nFrIfF2B-VOCI8o8aTIrzAvddiVFiJ1d_AKiduIZXkWoGbjuo-jHltyhlazTW0V4HL1DcJM0dXB_h9Svd9ColfYjpVRmWRBXWL0ClAE6TXjIueq2WXmzSkYW1WSITxdGv3o/s320/image125.gif" border="0" /></a><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt"><span style="font-size:0;"></span><sub></sub></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt">untuk <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWAooW_V-UgBMClbZOvysLIbMXqzYhJV-tNLrTifA1MUG_-Y73VhyphenhyphenhhvKguus_k3rgp4F2H1uAgl48QAMZ1lAIU97gt2AJfeQowHoWR_kevRIXnoxEUDXNhJPhJq04nfAFJHts/s1600-h/image127.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053183358400942050" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWAooW_V-UgBMClbZOvysLIbMXqzYhJV-tNLrTifA1MUG_-Y73VhyphenhyphenhhvKguus_k3rgp4F2H1uAgl48QAMZ1lAIU97gt2AJfeQowHoWR_kevRIXnoxEUDXNhJPhJq04nfAFJHts/s320/image127.gif" border="0" /></a><sub></sub>, maka <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin1DRcB49tPrFK0y-oJQML15mVsT_3Dr8eksZZgATj3lIgAYueHN4XEaBsYDOuq4POVS1e5Vbusvb1D-d5nMqw1tCKJPZE0JhQjfs-4S15CVAj0sqExASoZRqS9oM6M3VW4h_s/s1600-h/image129.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053183358400942066" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin1DRcB49tPrFK0y-oJQML15mVsT_3Dr8eksZZgATj3lIgAYueHN4XEaBsYDOuq4POVS1e5Vbusvb1D-d5nMqw1tCKJPZE0JhQjfs-4S15CVAj0sqExASoZRqS9oM6M3VW4h_s/s320/image129.gif" border="0" /></a> dan <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWvatIdmwg2Ad9Mh2v7rj-kh9f37og15ODm6GgDTdOZ11IllvWFRFZArLw8LkFRTv0S6eSMKSzpIJzfoMu_2-DM9xiJJZVR-jAv_ccbVLBrA2TkNGmE7_n3tM6CU4CaqCDNjL7/s1600-h/image131.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053185351265767522" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWvatIdmwg2Ad9Mh2v7rj-kh9f37og15ODm6GgDTdOZ11IllvWFRFZArLw8LkFRTv0S6eSMKSzpIJzfoMu_2-DM9xiJJZVR-jAv_ccbVLBrA2TkNGmE7_n3tM6CU4CaqCDNjL7/s320/image131.gif" border="0" /></a> </p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt">Jadi <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3U2sg_w2vAe4fq6Fqz97512u7Sj_ob6ZXb77B89O9FFZ1o4-O0ob2MhQgnDJc7pi7LDTIvs6C6bKDRfXDkETNdMoWNVaEp_ghqcbXXrF4THlLdxS5qOwtHfhA-DQ0Y0vJT_IY/s1600-h/image133.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053185355560734834" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3U2sg_w2vAe4fq6Fqz97512u7Sj_ob6ZXb77B89O9FFZ1o4-O0ob2MhQgnDJc7pi7LDTIvs6C6bKDRfXDkETNdMoWNVaEp_ghqcbXXrF4THlLdxS5qOwtHfhA-DQ0Y0vJT_IY/s320/image133.gif" border="0" /></a> <sub><v:shape id="_x0000_i1105" style="WIDTH: 156.75pt; HEIGHT: 30.75pt" ole="" type="#_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:imagedata title="" src="Menentukan%20nilai%20limit_files/image132.wmz"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1103" style="WIDTH: 102.75pt; HEIGHT: 30.75pt" ole="" type="#_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:imagedata title="" src="Menentukan%20nilai%20limit_files/image128.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></v:imagedata></v:shape></p></sub><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt">Dan</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVvpOsje04woQid94tCkn0ArtnPpRqRGpV3u647mmnkQ6vM7snlWByIQpcquN-5F5yO_a27O5dBNud0kIhmx1Ljke9ufQL_oMxyxBBq4JIXhXg1O1bmEhte78SeUZOVvzFR8oG/s1600-h/image123.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053183354105974722" style="WIDTH: 117px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 43px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVvpOsje04woQid94tCkn0ArtnPpRqRGpV3u647mmnkQ6vM7snlWByIQpcquN-5F5yO_a27O5dBNud0kIhmx1Ljke9ufQL_oMxyxBBq4JIXhXg1O1bmEhte78SeUZOVvzFR8oG/s320/image123.gif" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2PBja23UK8DZmFx_N1PDc8H5enNwbmXHRM7gPuwHDnNorfOzYGrz8PQLjpo5wh7ILP2oQKGiOV5VUDDKWCaNg-9opm9uyLtUmS6HymL_B4exwSx6vXEah_BLSgMY2C-SrAdIQ/s1600-h/image135.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053185355560734850" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2PBja23UK8DZmFx_N1PDc8H5enNwbmXHRM7gPuwHDnNorfOzYGrz8PQLjpo5wh7ILP2oQKGiOV5VUDDKWCaNg-9opm9uyLtUmS6HymL_B4exwSx6vXEah_BLSgMY2C-SrAdIQ/s320/image135.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiihtHbeET0_U-2Huw8gwLq0HthngfkPpSie8EpSpkSANYEBT7C9W2glNR0hSIWV9zL-Eum3g5lGfpq6cSk7SxtsjvsF6AVatHK3Cn0Eb-F1c1jbKEO5Pyg8eOIvLb7pD2nkcQJ/s1600-h/image137.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053185355560734866" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiihtHbeET0_U-2Huw8gwLq0HthngfkPpSie8EpSpkSANYEBT7C9W2glNR0hSIWV9zL-Eum3g5lGfpq6cSk7SxtsjvsF6AVatHK3Cn0Eb-F1c1jbKEO5Pyg8eOIvLb7pD2nkcQJ/s320/image137.gif" border="0" /></a> <sub><v:shape id="_x0000_i1096" style="WIDTH: 87.75pt; HEIGHT: 32.25pt" ole="" type="#_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:imagedata title="" src="Menentukan%20nilai%20limit_files/image122.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></sub></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt"><span style="font-size:0;"></span><sub></sub></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt">untuk <sub></sub><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWAooW_V-UgBMClbZOvysLIbMXqzYhJV-tNLrTifA1MUG_-Y73VhyphenhyphenhhvKguus_k3rgp4F2H1uAgl48QAMZ1lAIU97gt2AJfeQowHoWR_kevRIXnoxEUDXNhJPhJq04nfAFJHts/s1600-h/image127.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053183358400942050" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWAooW_V-UgBMClbZOvysLIbMXqzYhJV-tNLrTifA1MUG_-Y73VhyphenhyphenhhvKguus_k3rgp4F2H1uAgl48QAMZ1lAIU97gt2AJfeQowHoWR_kevRIXnoxEUDXNhJPhJq04nfAFJHts/s320/image127.gif" border="0" /></a>, maka<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSoZWwe3aKkJ07fpV3wPkUu0pwaQZ302dkSDuN0IoN4yEi2taEYE61YXvRaPAEi5WGQ_Rhx9s5v-_S5CKb8MwfNlG6RNOsvCd4W5QqR8siac3GnOatBeIa73z6AYy9dvQfG3nc/s1600-h/image139.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053187485864513810" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSoZWwe3aKkJ07fpV3wPkUu0pwaQZ302dkSDuN0IoN4yEi2taEYE61YXvRaPAEi5WGQ_Rhx9s5v-_S5CKb8MwfNlG6RNOsvCd4W5QqR8siac3GnOatBeIa73z6AYy9dvQfG3nc/s320/image139.gif" border="0" /></a> <sub></sub><span style="font-size:0;"></span>dan <sub></sub><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWvatIdmwg2Ad9Mh2v7rj-kh9f37og15ODm6GgDTdOZ11IllvWFRFZArLw8LkFRTv0S6eSMKSzpIJzfoMu_2-DM9xiJJZVR-jAv_ccbVLBrA2TkNGmE7_n3tM6CU4CaqCDNjL7/s1600-h/image131.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053185351265767522" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWvatIdmwg2Ad9Mh2v7rj-kh9f37og15ODm6GgDTdOZ11IllvWFRFZArLw8LkFRTv0S6eSMKSzpIJzfoMu_2-DM9xiJJZVR-jAv_ccbVLBrA2TkNGmE7_n3tM6CU4CaqCDNjL7/s320/image131.gif" border="0" /></a>.</p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt">Jadi <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBU_SC2Ca3DgzdWiMDyJHp6cPwmaVlNcAND9inPdOzAPPkmyojeWZMnqCljtR3RGB74t36FkRbda-85Yx577m7bQJ5kAWSywuyCujvAC70UOblE-MsolsoAo2kYWXQURUO6ZSh/s1600-h/image142.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053190530996326690" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBU_SC2Ca3DgzdWiMDyJHp6cPwmaVlNcAND9inPdOzAPPkmyojeWZMnqCljtR3RGB74t36FkRbda-85Yx577m7bQJ5kAWSywuyCujvAC70UOblE-MsolsoAo2kYWXQURUO6ZSh/s320/image142.gif" border="0" /></a><sub></sub>.</p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt"><span style="font-size:0;">B.<span style="FONT: 7px 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal"> </span></span><sub></sub><span style="font-size:0;"></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGAxrReedG9Qb6izHZeNgDwjXH7wFOFKvK-OGrysAzi6AX51UFFX06f0eOwDebYk5-VtsgNfe_q3A3n0O4xEwyDHzcJn-ZUJUUJFNS8uHTZyFCncj4OhPMEdKteHS1N6r4Cfdz/s1600-h/image144.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053190530996326706" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGAxrReedG9Qb6izHZeNgDwjXH7wFOFKvK-OGrysAzi6AX51UFFX06f0eOwDebYk5-VtsgNfe_q3A3n0O4xEwyDHzcJn-ZUJUUJFNS8uHTZyFCncj4OhPMEdKteHS1N6r4Cfdz/s320/image144.gif" border="0" /></a> dan <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsqLbeJRt0ifOevzEB9PKT11qkVydYCJeRnI5gG_xD-C145HvRoR66xl5odEPo3bJRcvmnzWsUWUEhYRWK73Z6ev-_LaoYHE9QLAyo1LOTGOp6ki0NlxZUuKMSDFBkNCX1B3fW/s1600-h/image146.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053190535291294018" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsqLbeJRt0ifOevzEB9PKT11qkVydYCJeRnI5gG_xD-C145HvRoR66xl5odEPo3bJRcvmnzWsUWUEhYRWK73Z6ev-_LaoYHE9QLAyo1LOTGOp6ki0NlxZUuKMSDFBkNCX1B3fW/s320/image146.gif" border="0" /></a> <sub><v:shape id="_x0000_i1110" style="WIDTH: 64.5pt; HEIGHT: 32.25pt" ole="" type="#_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:imagedata title="" src="Menentukan%20nilai%20limit_files/image145.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></sub><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt"><b><u>Bukti:</u></b></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJoGfncETPTUzvGwb-me5ZK9SAue2X4TGk2XFJl3AEYNoJsUsiTV_7L5i8k99X_020_PjBUjuarJgno-0RxAOnqSQDs1zvyCU5rIH8YTxHMnsROHAmqn5Z7OWca7X-3vzf7gcj/s1600-h/image148.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053190535291294034" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJoGfncETPTUzvGwb-me5ZK9SAue2X4TGk2XFJl3AEYNoJsUsiTV_7L5i8k99X_020_PjBUjuarJgno-0RxAOnqSQDs1zvyCU5rIH8YTxHMnsROHAmqn5Z7OWca7X-3vzf7gcj/s320/image148.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><sub></sub></p><p class="MsoNormal">Dan</p><p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTxtBfzQlF3gj32XivEJgqwH2gNycsnYlijGplbbLEeF-tQpRekZbGssVMNfZ8ZFNIXRkAzSXjWWmzo2BhHySCcK7r8N07clmUGQme06UDykhy2kx6xSlgXPS-K7ghFMv6z11i/s1600-h/image150.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053190535291294050" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTxtBfzQlF3gj32XivEJgqwH2gNycsnYlijGplbbLEeF-tQpRekZbGssVMNfZ8ZFNIXRkAzSXjWWmzo2BhHySCcK7r8N07clmUGQme06UDykhy2kx6xSlgXPS-K7ghFMv6z11i/s320/image150.gif" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><sub></sub></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:0;"></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal">Apabila menemui bentuk <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcgVh5OMDkQcfb630eFecqnze6Q0sznwRodP4vXEq6jR5-wd6Yt6ajpxIn0Jj0q16bGTvPdXuGr5HSp6eoPDZNZTPtsjJ-e-3viJLxeJOcnsFUJ3AK4je8_7gaYMHsnbBfwGWA/s1600-h/image152.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053191119406846322" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcgVh5OMDkQcfb630eFecqnze6Q0sznwRodP4vXEq6jR5-wd6Yt6ajpxIn0Jj0q16bGTvPdXuGr5HSp6eoPDZNZTPtsjJ-e-3viJLxeJOcnsFUJ3AK4je8_7gaYMHsnbBfwGWA/s320/image152.gif" border="0" /></a><sub></sub>, maka subtitusikan langsung, apabila menghasilkan bentuk tak tentu, maka ubahlah dalam sin<sub><v:shape id="_x0000_i1114" style="WIDTH: 18.75pt; HEIGHT: 14.25pt" ole="" type="#_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:imagedata title="" src="Menentukan%20nilai%20limit_files/image153.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></sub>.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Adapun rumus-rumus trigonometri yang dapat digunakan adalah sebagai berikut:<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh380aOlseHDGDxSE8zoa8oZXCSkasbSTbCEwhMbbPU7-gkXLVZOuqnayltVK6Njt_liZS5yUQzAAbZKwaE2ealSeGaqP5zTpB7TNW6C2IhevfZ9G81G41Eg9fQaVWVSqkQC3zU/s1600-h/image156.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053191119406846354" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh380aOlseHDGDxSE8zoa8oZXCSkasbSTbCEwhMbbPU7-gkXLVZOuqnayltVK6Njt_liZS5yUQzAAbZKwaE2ealSeGaqP5zTpB7TNW6C2IhevfZ9G81G41Eg9fQaVWVSqkQC3zU/s320/image156.gif" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKFxPQJ_0h-TNkaNz4acFpsSGOSUhCAtVMwdkwAG9-EoVMmSnmxPHH5ftxiMY4vy_bkua3-NN73TRhBnc9OW1b01tPXPUe8r-Ks2KC5pcKgouIMhp36T4EiKh7-JSjFzehbVOa/s1600-h/image158.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053191123701813666" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKFxPQJ_0h-TNkaNz4acFpsSGOSUhCAtVMwdkwAG9-EoVMmSnmxPHH5ftxiMY4vy_bkua3-NN73TRhBnc9OW1b01tPXPUe8r-Ks2KC5pcKgouIMhp36T4EiKh7-JSjFzehbVOa/s320/image158.gif" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2JcoEvWYKhvE03o5pSS-EXgNLtMp7SSs5EOGeN1OoNlaTn3NtICWs4B15KT0nJc5MZ5QtIg6o8DR8GFo2p9GrfxzSaUAn8Axz4PJXp54b2Lql8ut7Q3dSV5rHD_aduS8efIHU/s1600-h/image160.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053191123701813682" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2JcoEvWYKhvE03o5pSS-EXgNLtMp7SSs5EOGeN1OoNlaTn3NtICWs4B15KT0nJc5MZ5QtIg6o8DR8GFo2p9GrfxzSaUAn8Axz4PJXp54b2Lql8ut7Q3dSV5rHD_aduS8efIHU/s320/image160.gif" border="0" /></a><sub><v:shape id="_x0000_i1116" style="WIDTH: 252.75pt; HEIGHT: 16.5pt" ole="" type="#_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:imagedata title="" src="Menentukan%20nilai%20limit_files/image157.wmz"></v:imagedata></v:shape></sub></p><p class="MsoNormal"><sub></sub></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 9pt"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdQl6oA6rTgaRMG3_aXDpbd7ufhQyjA8NraVKcBVYB_rpbmWkbv7i6fBpo0MDGIQelE_FMwskDrHNE7Z7xGXRl6f2MtBdM0EA9cAui9UvQS1gcZF1UQzoQzU4GSTnfDAF2KKXl/s1600-h/image162.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053192618350432706" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdQl6oA6rTgaRMG3_aXDpbd7ufhQyjA8NraVKcBVYB_rpbmWkbv7i6fBpo0MDGIQelE_FMwskDrHNE7Z7xGXRl6f2MtBdM0EA9cAui9UvQS1gcZF1UQzoQzU4GSTnfDAF2KKXl/s320/image162.gif" border="0" /></a><br />Bentuk-bentuk yang terdapat dalam limit fungsi trigonometri, yang biasanya rumit pengerjaannya:</p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal">1.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDKdhOzaK9cF03wSqYG8yFil4ERXn0bBVM1vMmv4-R9TOoDWnVyRbKX3SfQ1VyxX85nyBm_jEW_APzS2W3uAdCaJt2q6sGIXNH3A-_nkJasnEiEw1Sx__2215RSh0ufrVT425p/s1600-h/image164.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053192622645400018" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDKdhOzaK9cF03wSqYG8yFil4ERXn0bBVM1vMmv4-R9TOoDWnVyRbKX3SfQ1VyxX85nyBm_jEW_APzS2W3uAdCaJt2q6sGIXNH3A-_nkJasnEiEw1Sx__2215RSh0ufrVT425p/s320/image164.gif" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:0;"> </span><br /></p><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2zQqfFI4D9Zse08rUfDtwuoTCeB-bNjHGAU39xzxUl9QvrXJMZJlM6QQDuyLGsFeZLTmm8nhkW9iEecNo24gn_-ZmhNT4LfrvzUT7Mkpc7wLDR1m1wbGuPeJeAkcqvW6_Nf0n/s1600-h/image168.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053192622645400050" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2zQqfFI4D9Zse08rUfDtwuoTCeB-bNjHGAU39xzxUl9QvrXJMZJlM6QQDuyLGsFeZLTmm8nhkW9iEecNo24gn_-ZmhNT4LfrvzUT7Mkpc7wLDR1m1wbGuPeJeAkcqvW6_Nf0n/s320/image168.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal">2.<span style="font-size:0;"> </span>Untuk <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPW6MYdzCxBhmbBfx0Kj5C7nqEzz6Bywf_jdpJzHdJXXIxaG4FMd4zy0Z8ShuaeYXS-HBD4yylWpt1ojCyQh5svNK8eyHFp6JvXZ6XdDSiDdr89Ze03HNxgVCvyyUUndO6Haep/s1600-h/image170.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053192626940367362" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPW6MYdzCxBhmbBfx0Kj5C7nqEzz6Bywf_jdpJzHdJXXIxaG4FMd4zy0Z8ShuaeYXS-HBD4yylWpt1ojCyQh5svNK8eyHFp6JvXZ6XdDSiDdr89Ze03HNxgVCvyyUUndO6Haep/s320/image170.gif" border="0" /></a><sub></sub><span style="font-size:0;"> </span>ubah namanya yaitu menjadi <sub></sub><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFwMILyLuFlKcjb_obXjY4GieVpPf5SCIzWU7zJHz3ICalpjZ7jVmwwAbNrx5MKazm9QP0wjLjjDXinMnk2SxRgaHCtdx7RiIpN1mdlV1rWmHfEgh5i3cUZLx8vwWy9zG0WgoM/s1600-h/image172.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5053194276207809042" style="CURSOR: pointer" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFwMILyLuFlKcjb_obXjY4GieVpPf5SCIzWU7zJHz3ICalpjZ7jVmwwAbNrx5MKazm9QP0wjLjjDXinMnk2SxRgaHCtdx7RiIpN1mdlV1rWmHfEgh5i3cUZLx8vwWy9zG0WgoM/s320/image172.gif" border="0" /></a>.<o:p></o:p></p></span>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-78525479481206308592007-04-09T17:35:00.002+07:002010-02-24T12:31:27.937+07:00Resume<div class="Section1"><p class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span lang="IN">RESUME BUKU IDI ANTROPOLOGI</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span style="">I.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><span style="" lang="IN">Identitas Buku<br />Judul<span style=""> </span>: Islam untuk disiplin ilmu Antropologi<br />Nama Pengarang<span style=""> </span>: Dr. Ir. AM. Saefuddin, dkk.<br />Nama Penerbit<span style=""> </span>: Direktorat Pembinaan Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam</span><span style="" lang="IN"><span style=""><br /></span>Dirjen Binbaga Islam Depag RI<br />Tahun dan Tempat Terbit<span style=""> </span>: 1988, Jakarta<br />Jumlah Halaman<span style=""> </span>: 181<o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="IN"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">II. Isi Singkat</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Buku ini membahas tentang Islam dan Antropologi dengan mengetengahkan 6 bab. Yang pertama yaitu Islam dan Manusia, terdiri dari 4 sub bab. Pertama tentang kedudukan dan fungsi akal. Islam memberikan kedudukan yang sangat tinggi pada akal, karena akal hanya<br />dimiliki manusia yang adalah ciptaan Alloh yang paling baik. Alloh memerintahkan manusia untuk menggunakan akalnya. Alloh memberikan penglihatan dan pendengaran sebagai sarana observasi, yang dengan bantuan akal mampu untuk mengamati dan mengartikan kenyataan empiris, dan hati akan mengarahkan manusia untuk bersyukur, yaitu memanfaatkan sarana-sarana tadi sesuai dengan ketentuan Alloh Swt. Selanjutnya sub bab II tentang biologi manusia. Manusia diciptakan Alloh dengan proses yang sama. Perbedaan yang serba sedikit seperti misalnya warna kulit, bahasa dan adat istiadat dimaksudkan agar manusia saling mengenal. Semua manusia butuh makanan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan biologinya. Islam mengajarkan manusia untuk memilih makanan yang bergizi dan halal. Sedangkan tentang teknologi di dalam makanan, tidaklah selamanya bertentangan dengan hukum Islam. Sub bab berikutnya tentang perkawinan dan keluarga. Hal ini sudah diatur dalam Islam, bagaimana membina rumah tangga yang sakinah, hubungan dalam satu keluarga atau antar keluarga yang harmonis. Sub bab terakhir dalam bab ini mengenai keturunan dan kejadian manusia. Manusia adalah makhluk paling sempurna yang diciptakan dari tanah. Silsilah keturunan bermula dari Adam sehingga pada dasarnya manusia itu satu umat. Dari situ, terbentuklah Masyarakat Islam yang adalah bab II dari buku ini. Sub bab I yaitu perkembangan sistem ketuhanan. Manusia mula-mula mempercayai adanya kekuatan gaib dari benda atau situasi, kemudian berkembang menjadi kepercayaan kepada Tuhan dengan berbagai variasi, dan yang paling tinggi adalah percaya terhadap Tuhan YME dengan segala kekuasaannya. Masyarakat Islam adalah masyarakat yang ideal sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam sub bab I. Manusia hendaknya berusaha menjadi manusia yang berkualitas lahiriyah, berusaha memenuhi kebutuhan untuk bertahan hidup dan mengabdi pada Alloh Swt; serta batiniyah, berbuat segala sesuatu di jalan Alloh (Sub bab III). Manusia juga diperintahkan untuk berusaha mewujudkan keadilan sosial dan kesejahteraan masyarakat (Sub bab IV). Secara konseptual, keadilan sosial menurut Islam dilandaskan pada ciri-ciri masyarakat Islam. Tapi ciri-ciri itu sulit ditemui di dunia nyata, sehingga perlu ada kajian lebih mendalam, perumusan strategi yang lebih operasional dan layak, dan program-program perwujudannya. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>Bab III membahas tentang masyarakat dan kebudayaan. Secara konsep, masyarakat Islam adalah masyarakat sejahtera secara total dan terpadu, lahir dan batin. Adalah tugas seorang muslim untuk mewujudkan konsep itu. Untuk itu, pola tingkah laku masyarakat atau bisa disebut kebudayaan serta kepribadian individu harus sesuai dengan ajaran agama Islam. Dalam Islam, unsur-unsur budaya juga mengalami perkembangan (evolusi) dengan adanya proses ijtihad. Akan timbul unsur-unsur hukum, teknologi, teknik manajemen dan mekanisme baru yang lebih sesuai dan efektif dengan perkembangan masyarakat namun tetap berakar pada nilai-nilai Islam. Bab IV menjelaskan tentang ekologi manusia. Dalam Islam terdapat sistem sosial yang dicirikan oleh bentuk kehidupan yang sesuai perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan,<br />adanya jaminan HAM, taraf kehidupan yang tinggi, kerjasama antara pemerintah-rakyat dan pengutamaan amalan nyata menurut syariat Islam. </span><span style="" lang="SV">Dalam hubungannya dengan ekosistem, sistem sosial harus menampilkan pola tingkah laku manusia dan masyarakat dengan nilai<br />yang memelihara lingkungannya, tidak merusak. Setiap muslim juga boleh melakukan berbagai macam mata pencaharian sepanjang mengikuti nilai-nilai dasar Islam terutama dalam hubungan dengan ekosistem. Bagian terakhir dari bab ini menggambarkan perubahan sosial dalam perspektif Islam. Umat Islam saat ini ketinggalan dari negara barat dilihat dari sudut pandang IPTEK, tatanan masyarakat dan peradaban serta tingkat kehidupan dan kesejahteraan., Ini sangat berbeda dengan zaman Nabi Muhammad saw ketika beliau sukses merombak dan membina masyarakat Jahiliyah Arab menjadi masyarakat Islam yang ideal. Karena itulah, perlu ada analisa untuk menyusun suatu strategi kebudayaan masa kini yang merujuk pada strategi yang dicanangkan oleh Nabi Muhammad saw. Bab V adalah tentang Lembaga Kemasyarakatan. Dalam Islam, pertumbuhan lembaga tersebut dimulai dari masyarakat yang masih menganut tata nilai nenek moyang dan tidak mengikuti ajaran Islam, seperti kaum Tsamud. Selanjutnya ada masyarakat modern yang diberi petunjuk Al Qur’an dan Sunnah untuk beriman dan<br />bertaqwa kepada Alloh Swt. Walau begitu, tata nilai tradisi di dalam masyarakat jahiliyah masih belum sepenuhnya terkikis sehingga Alloh senantiasa membuat hisab demi menjaga kebahagiaan manusia. Bab terakhir menjelaskan tentang informasi. Islam memberikan informasi dalam setiap aspek kehidupan, tentang ketentuan-ketentuan Alloh dan bagaimana kebahagiaan itu bisa tercapai. Informasi ini pada dasarnya berjalan dari wahyu yang diberikan kepada Nabi dan Rasul untuk disampaikan kepada umat manusia. Allah telah menggariskan mana yang hak dan mana yang batil, tinggal kemauan manusia apakah mereka bertaqwa lebih sempurna atau tidak kepada Allah.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">III. Kekuatan</span><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="" lang="SV">Ada beberapa aspek yang menjadi sumber kekuatan buku ini. Yang pertama, selalu menyertakan ayat-ayat Al Qur’an atau Hadits dalam tiap pokok bahasan, sehingga tidak perlu diragukan bahwa yang dibahas adalah Islam. Penjelasan-penjelasan yang ada kebanyakan juga merupakan kesimpulan dari ayat-ayat yang disebutkan sebelumnya. Secara umum, buku ini cukup bisa dimengerti terutama bagi pembaca dari kalangan mahasiswa yang memang menjadi target audiensnya. Selanjutnya, buku ini juga memuat cukup banyak bahasan tentang Islam dan Antropologi, mencakup manusia, masyarakat, kebudayaan, ekologi, lembaga kemasyarakatan, dan informasi. Penjelasan yang diberikan juga dihubungkan dengan keadaan sekarang, contohnya, dalam sub pokok bahasan keadilan sosial dan interaksi sistem sosial dengan ekosistem. Di lain pihak, buku ini juga terus mengingatkan kita akan perjalanan sejarah, terutama perjuangan Nabi besar Muhammad SAW dan juga sosok beliau, yang ternyata masih sangat sesuai untuk dijadikan suri tauladan, bahan perenungan dan introspeksi demi perbaikan kualitas hidup manusia pada masa sekarang. Poin ini, antara lain bisa ditemui dalam sub pokok bahasan ciri-ciri masyarakat Islam, evolusi sosial, dan perubahan sosial budaya. Kekuatan buku ini juga terletak pada caranya menghubungkan konsep dengan keadaan sekarang yang sering tidak sesuai, kemudian bagaimana mewujudkan konsep itu dengan berkaca pada sejarah, terutama perjalanan hidup Nabi Muhammad SAW, dan mengadakan beberapa penyesuaian sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman, namun tetap berpegang kepada Al Qur’an dan Sunnah.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV">IV. Kelemahan</span><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><b style=""><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="" lang="SV">Kelemahan pertama dari buku ini, menurut saya, adalah tidak adanya kata pengantar ataupun pendahuluan yang menerangkan secara spesifik gambaran umum tentang ilmu Antropologi, dan juga tujuan disusunnya buku ini. Masalahnya, tidak sedikit pembaca yang belum familiar dengan ilmu tersebut, dan mereka tentu ingin tahu apa kira-kira manfaat yang bisa mereka dapat setelah membaca buku ini ataupun alasan mengapa mereka perlu mempelajarinya. Banyaknya kutipan ayat-ayat Al Qur’an juga menjadi salah satu sumber kelemahan buku ini. Ada beberapa persoalan yang mendasari pendapat ini. Pertama, adanya ketidakseimbangan antara dalil dengan penjelasannya, sehingga kadang-kadang pembaca mungkin bertanya tentang tafsiran ayat yang sepertinya penting, tapi tidak tercakup dalam penjelasan. Ini terutama bisa ditemui di Bab I, V, dan VI, antara lain Q. S. 66 (2) hal. 29, 35 (55) hal. 46, 3(96), 22 (40) hal. 52-53. Kedua, ada beberapa ayat yang dimasukkan sebagai suatu dalil dari poin pembahasan tertentu, tapi ternyata tidak relevan dengan poin tersebut.<br />Kadang-kadang, ayat yang tidak relevan itu bisa dimasukkan ke poin yang lain. Contohnya pada hal. 21-22, Q. S. 35 (12-15) yang tidak sesuai untuk dimasukkan dalam poin proses penciptaan manusia, kemudian Q. S. 16 (78) hal. 25, dan Q. S. 89 (19) hal. 38. Ketiga, ada ayat yang sebenarnya relevan, tapi karena penafsirannya ada di poin pembahasan yang lain, ayat tersebut menjadi tidak jelas relevansinya. Misalnya saja, pada hal. 8 dalam poin Metode ilmiah, terdapat<br />kutipan Q. S. An Nahl ayat 78 yang menyebutkan, “ … Allah telah menjadikan buat kamu sekalian pendengaran, penglihatan, dan hati. Mudah-mudahan kamu sekalian bersyukur.” Secara sekilas, beberapa pembaca mungkin akan bertanya, apa hubungannya metode ilmiah dan bersyukur. Baru pada hal. 11, dijelaskan bahwa bersyukur itu berarti mampu memanfaatkan sarana-sarana tadi menurut ketentuan hidup yang digariskan Allah SWT. Dan itu berarti bahwa mengembangkan metode ilmiah termasuk ungkapan rasa syukur. Keempat, ada penjelasan yang tidak sinkron dengan dalilnya. Misalnya tentang teknologi makanan hal. 38, dalil yang<br />disertakan adalah tentang pemberian Allah kepada manusia berupa pendengaran, penglihatan, dan hati, tapi kenapa dalam penjelasan tentang poin tersebut, dikatakan “… teknologi di dalam makanan tidaklah selamanya bertentangan dengan hukum Islam.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Selanjutnya, ada beberapa poin dalam buku ini yang kurang jelas akan menjelaskan apa. Contohnya, tentang Biologi manusia (hal. 12), tidak dijelaskan apa yang dimaksudkan dengan istilah tersebut dan poin apa saja yang tercakup di dalamnya. Demikian juga dengan pembahasan tentang keluarga inti dan keluarga luas (hal. 55), dan penggalangan masyarakat<br />menurut Islam (hal. 113). Ketidakjelasan juga bisa didapati dalam poin kejadian manusia menurut Antropologi dan menurut Islam (hal. 67), dimana tidak disebutkan bagian mana yang menurut Antropologi dan yang mana menurut Islam, ataukah penjelasan yang ada itu merupakan gabungan dari keduanya. Kemudian, ada beberapa istilah ataupun bagian dari buku ini yang, saya kira, cukup sulit dipahami walaupun bagi kalanngan mahasiswa. Seperti pada hal. 81-82 tentang perkembangan sistem ketuhanan, ada konsep tuhan yang berbentuk spekulasi<br />filsafati, ada pula istilah teknologi pertama, hasil yang makmur, alat merajuk, dan lain-lain, yang belum jelas maksudnya. Juga yang belum bisa dimengerti dengan hanya membaca buku ini, yaitu, tentang manusia yang menjadikan dirinya sebagai sibghah Allah (hal. 87), kemudian beberapa poin dalam program perwujudan keadilan sosial, seperti <i style="">landreform,<br /></i>dan <i style="">management reform </i>(hal. 104). Dalam buku ini juga terjadi overlap antara satu pokok bahasan dengan pokok bahasan yang lain, sehingga terjadi pengulangan-pengulangan. Contohnya antara penjelasan sub bab ciri-ciri masyarakat Islam (hal. 83) dengan sub bab prinsip Islam tentang kesatuan masyarakat (hal. 105). <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2><span style="" lang="SV"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">V. Manfaat</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Lepas dari kelemahan-kelemahan di dalamnya, buku ini tetap bermanfaat bagi kalangan mahasiswa yang mempelajari agama Islam. Banyak hal yang bisa didapat dengan membaca buku ini. Pertama, tentang ilmu Antropologi. Bagi kita yang belum terlalu familiar dengan ilmu<br />tersebut, tentu saja buku ini bisa menambah pengetahuan dan membuka cakrawala kita. Kedua, buku ini juga berguna untuk mengingatkan kita tentang asal usul kita, dan kewajiban kita sebagai manusia di bumi ini baik dalam hubungan kita dengan Allah, sesama manusia, atau dengan lingkungan sekitar kita. Dari sini juga, kita semakin sadar, bahwa Islam telah mengatur segala aspek kehidupan dengan ketentuan-ketentuan yang sudah ada dalam Al Qur’an dan Sunnah. Ketiga, buku ini bisa kembali membuka ingatan kita tentang sejarah perjuangan Nabi besar Muhammad SAW, dan sosok beliau sebagai uswatun hasanah, yang mana saat ini tidak hanya perlu untuk diingat tapi juga dicontoh. Beliau adalah sosok pemimpin yang ideal sekaligus individu yang berkepribadian mulia, yang saat ini sangat jarang ditemukandi negeri kita ini, walaupun hanya mendekati. Yang terakhir, jelaslah bahwa bagi mahasiswa buku IDI Antropologi ini bermanfaat untuk mengetahui bagaimana hubungan Islam dengan Antropologi, yang isinya bisa kita jadikan bahan introspeksi diri, dan contoh-contoh perbuatan untuk bisa diamalkan secara nyata guna memperbaiki kualitas hidup kita baik secara lahiriyah ataupun batiniyah,<o:p></o:p></span></p><h2><span style="" lang="SV"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">VI. Saran</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="" lang="SV">Poin-poin yang akan saya sebutkan nanti mungkin lebih berupa harapan daripada saran. Saya harapkan buku IDI bisa terus diadakan dengan kontinuitas peningkatan kualitasnya. Kekuatan dan kelemahan yang saya paparkan tadi hanyalah merupakan pendapat yang tentunya bisa mengundang penolakan, dukungan, atau sanggahan dari pihak-pihak yang lain. Tapi, saya berharap, hal-hal yang secara umum telah dianggap sebagai suatu kelebihan bisa terus dipertahankan, sedangkan kekurangan-kekurangan yang ada<span style=""> </span>dan ditentukan atas dasar masukan semua pihak bisa dikurangi atau dihilangkan. Secara pribadi, saya berharap, perbaikan buku ini di masa yang akan datang bisa menutup kelemahan-kelemahan yang saya paparkan di atas. Selanjutnya, bagi para pembaca, termasuk saya, beberapa ketidakjelasan dalam buku ini tentunya hanya bisa dimengerti dengan membaca literatur-literatur lain yang relevan dan juga dengan berdiskusi dan meminta bimbingan dari orang yang berkompeten. Dan itu mungkin salah satu tujuan disusunnya buku ini, yaitu untuk mendorong mahasiswa menambah ilmu pengetahuan yang dimikinya dan mencari jawaban atas persoalan yang dihadapi.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><span style="" lang="IN"><span style=""></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1167886066309839112007-01-04T11:15:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:31:50.313+07:00ENGLISH FOR ISLAMIC EDUCATION (QUIZ)<div class="Section1"><p class="MsoTitle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">PART I <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>Reading Comprehension<?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><o:p></o:p></b></p><h1 style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;">Center for the Study of Islam</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span>Within the context of Islamic discourse, Indonesian Muslims face two delicate problems. These problems are mainly related to <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s international relationship with both Muslims and non-Muslim societies. Although <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> constitutes the largest Muslim community in the world,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">its </i></b>people are hardly taken into account as “real” Islamic community by their fellow Muslims, especially Muslims in the <st1:place>Middle East</st1:place>. The position of Indonesian Muslims in Islamic atlas is peripheral, not only geographically but also politically. However, non-Muslim societies, especially <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">those </i></b>in the Western hemisphere, include Indonesians as part of the Islamic community, which spreads from <st1:place>Northwest Africa</st1:place> to <st1:place>Southeast Asia</st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span>Akbar S. Ahmed, a Muslim anthropologist, classifies Indonesian Muslims as a peripheral Muslim community. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">He</i></b> is of the opinion that Indonesians are hardly involved in specific movements which are the main agenda for most Islamic communities. The issue of Islamic revival, for example, which is manifested in the idea <span class="GramE">of</span> an Islamic state or the Islamization of knowledge, is not attractive to Indonesians. In fact, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">this idea</i></b>, which is driven by the spirit of returning to the golden age of Islam, is very influential among Muslims in other areas. As a result, the distinctive nature of Indonesian Islam discourages the Muslim world from taking Indonesians into account as one of the representative Muslim communities.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span>Arguably, such an opinion is misleading. The majority of Indonesians, however, are Muslims. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">They </i></b>confess, practice, and are proud of Islam. In the historical course of <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, Islam has become a uniting force as well as a common identity for most of its citizens. Only there has been cultural accommodation, which is natural, as Indonesian Islam takes distinctive form to that in the <st1:place>Middle East</st1:place> or <st1:country-region><st1:place>Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Therefore, the problem is not likely to lie in the religious differences but rather in socio-political orientations.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 125%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">A.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Answer the following questions based on the text.<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>What are the two delicate problems that Indonesians face?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>What reason does Akbar S. Ahmed give to classify Indonesian Muslims as a peripheral Muslim community?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>What is the manifestation of Islamic revival?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>What discourages the Muslim world from considering <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> as one of the representative Muslim communities?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>In Indonesian history, Islam has played two positive roles for its citizens. What are they?<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">B.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Decide whether each of these statements is true or false.<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> has the biggest number of Muslims in the world.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>The fellow Muslims consider <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> a part of the Islamic community, while non-Muslims do not.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>According to Akbar S. Ahmed, Indonesian Muslims are active in the movement of Islamic revival.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>The idea of an Islamic state or the Islamization of knowledge is popular among Muslims in areas other than <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>The difference between the form of Islam in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> and that in the <st1:place>Middle East</st1:place> is more in socio-political orientations.<o:p> </o:p></p><h2 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">C.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Find the words or phrases these pronouns refer to.</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal">1. its (line 4)</p><p class="MsoNormal">2. those (line 8)</p><p class="MsoNormal">3. he (line 12)</p><p class="MsoNormal">4. this idea (line 16)</p><p class="MsoNormal">5. they (line 22)</p><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">PART II <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>Structure (Simple Present Tense and Present Continuous<br />Tense)<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">A.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Make the negative and interrogative forms of these sentences.<o:p></o:p></b></p><h3><span style="font-size:100%;">Example</span><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><span style="font-size:100%;">:</span></span></h3><h3><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><span style="font-size:100%;">(+) John and Mary are not in class.</span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size:100%;">(-)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>They are not in class.</span></h3><h3><span style="font-size:100%;">(?)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Are they in class?</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Mr. Sholeh is busy.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>My friends and I go shopping every weekend.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Lisa always has breakfast at home.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>The doctor arrives at <st1:time minute="0" hour="6">6 a.m.</st1:time></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>The two boys are sleeping now.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">B.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb (i.e. Simple Present Tense or Present Continuous Tense).</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">example</i>: </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt">1. He (be) ….. <span class="GramE">a</span> teacher. He (teach) ….. <span class="GramE">English.</span> He (teach) ….. <span class="GramE">right</span> now.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2"></span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span> (He is a teacher. He teaches English. He is teaching right now.<em>)</em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt">2. She (not, live) ….. <span class="GramE">in</span> <st1:city><st1:place>Malang</st1:place></st1:city>. She (live) ….. <span class="GramE">in</span> Magelang.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt">(She doesn’t live in <st1:city><st1:place>Malang</st1:place></st1:city>. She lives in Magelang.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>I can’t afford that ring. It (cost) ….. <span class="GramE">too</span> much.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Look. It (begin) ….. <span class="GramE">to</span> rain. Unfortunately, I (not, bring) ….. <span class="GramE">an</span> umbrella with me. Tom is lucky. He (wear) ….. <span class="GramE">a</span> raincoat.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>I (not, have) ….. <span class="GramE">a</span> raincoat. I (wear) ….. <span class="GramE">a</span> waterproof hat on rainy days.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Dennis (fix) ….. <span class="GramE">the</span> roof today, and he (need) ….. <span class="GramE">some</span> help.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Right now I (look) ….. <span class="GramE">at</span> Janet. She (look) ….. <span class="GramE">angry</span>. I wonder <span class="GramE">what’s the matter</span>.</p><br /><br /></div>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1164614590282169792006-11-27T15:02:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:32:06.889+07:00Practice<strong>Jarak Titik ke Titik</strong><br /><br />Dari limas <em>T. ABCD</em> diketahui bahawa segitiga <em>ABC</em> siku-siku di<br />titik <em>B</em>. <em>AB</em> = 12 <em>cm</em>, <em>BC</em> = 16 <em>cm</em>,<br /><em>TB</em> = 24 <em>cm</em>, dan garis <em>TB</em> tegak lurus bidang <em>ABC</em>.<br />Hitunglah jarak antara titik <em>T</em> dan titik tengah <em>AC</em>.<br /><br /><em>Solusi</em> :<br /><table width="85%" border="0"><a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/7056/3724/1600/771927/v3.jpg"><img style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/7056/3724/320/542610/v3.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div align="left">Perhatikan gambar.<br /><br /><br /><em>AC </em><sup>2</sup> = <em>√ AB</em> <sup>2</sup> + <em>BC </em><sup>2</sup> </div><div align="left">= <em>√ </em>12 <sup>2</sup> + 16 <sup>2</sup><br />= 20 <em>cm</em><br /></div><div align="left"><br />Luas <em>ΔABC</em> =½ <em>AB</em> x <em>BC</em></div><div align="left">= ½ x 12 x 16 = 96 <em>cm </em><sup>2</sup><br /></div><div align="left"><br /><em>BE </em><sup>2</sup> = ½ <em>AB</em> <sup>2</sup> + ½<em>BC</em> <sup>2 </sup>- ¼ <em>AC </em><sup>2</sup><br />= ½ ( <em>AB</em> <sup>2</sup>+ <em>BC</em> <sup>2</sup>) - ¼ <em>AC</em><sup>2<br /></sup>= ½ <em>AC </em><sup>2</sup>- ¼ <em>AC</em><sup> 2<br /></sup>= ¼ <em>AC</em><sup> 2</sup> <em>BE </em>= ½ <em>AC</em><br />= ½ x 20 = 10 <em>cm</em></div></td><p><br /><em>TE</em> = <em>√ TB</em><sup> 2</sup> + <em>BE</em> <sup>2 </sup>= <em>√ </em>24 <sup>2</sup> + 10 <sup>2</sup>= <em>√ </em>676 = 26 <em>cm</em><br /><br />Jadi jarak antara titik <em>T</em> dan titik tengah <em>AC</em> adalah 26 <em>cm.</em><br /><br /></p><p><br />Diketahui kubus<em> ABCD. EFGH</em>, dengan panjang rusuk 6 <em>cm.</em> Titik<br /><em>P, Q, </em>dan <em>R</em> berturut-turut terletak pada pertengahan garis <em><br />AB, BC, </em>dan bidang <em>ADHE</em>.<br /><br />Tentukan jarak dari titik <em>P</em> ke titk <em>R</em> dan jarak dari titik <em>Q</em><br />ke titik <em>R</em>.<br /><br /><em>Solusi </em>:<br /><a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/7056/3724/1600/981456/v1.jpg"><img style="CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/7056/3724/320/968389/v1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br />Perhatikan gambar<br /><br /><em>ΔPAR</em> siku-siku di titik <em>A, </em>dengan <em>AP</em> = ½ <em>AB</em> = 3 <em>cm<br /><br /></em>dan <em>AR </em>= ½ <em>√</em> <em>AD</em><sup> 2 </sup>+ <em>DH</em><sup> 2</sup> = ½ <em>√</em> 6 <sup>2</sup>+ 6 <sup>2</sup> = 3<em>√ </em>2 <em>cm </em></p><p>sehingga:<br /><br /><em>PR </em>=<em> √</em> <em>AP</em><sup> 2 </sup>+ <em>AR </em><sup>2</sup> = <em>√ </em>3 <sup>2</sup> + (3<em>√</em> 2)<sup>2 </sup>= <em>√</em> 27 = 3 <em>√ </em>3 <em>cm</em><br /><br />Jadi jarak titik <em>P </em>ke titik <em>R</em> adalah 3 <em>√ </em>3<br /><em>cm.</em><br /><br /></p><p><a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/7056/3724/1600/540845/v2.jpg"><img style="CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/7056/3724/320/658001/v2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Perhatikan gambar.<br /><br /><em>Δ QRS </em>siku-siku di titik <em>S</em>, dengan <em>QS</em> = 6 <em>cm</em><br /><br />dan <em>RS</em> = ½ <em>AE</em> = <em>cm </em>, sehingga:<br /><br /><em>QR</em> = <em>√ QS</em><sup> 2</sup> + <em>R </em><sup>2</sup> = <em>√ </em>6<sup> 2</sup> + 3 <sup>2</sup>= <em>√ </em>45= 3 <em>√</em> 5 <em>cm</em><br /><br />Jadi jarak titik <em>Q </em>ke titik <em>R </em>adalah 3 <em>√</em> 5 <em>cm</em>.<br /><br /></tbody></p><tbody></tbody></table><br /><br /><span style="color:#006666;"></span>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1164253258602269202006-11-23T10:24:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:32:20.100+07:00ANTIVIRUS LOREN<pre><br /><strong>Jika komputer anda terkontaminasi virus dengan ciri-ciri:</strong><br />1. Setiap kali menghidupkan komputer ada tulisan<br /> "Kata Mutiara (to Loren)<br />2. search, run dan folder windows pada drive c:/ hilang<br />3. terdapat folder duplikat bertipe .exe pada setiap<br /> folder, setiap folder duplikat berukuran 216 kb<br />4. terdapat rose.jpg dan rose.bat<p><br /><strong>Cara membasminya:</strong><br />1. Install kaspersky 5.0 bisa di<br /> <a href="http://www.kaspersky.com/downloads">http://www.kaspersky.com/downloads</a><br />2. Setelah diinstall sebaiknya masukkan update terbaru<br /> dari kaspersky<br />3. Scan komputer anda<br />4. Setelah discan dengan kaspersky semua folder duplikat<br /> akan hilang<br />5. Install PCMAV, bisa didownload di internet.<p> PCMAV 1.0 RC11 bisa didownload di<p> <a href="http://dl.maseko.com/">http://dl.maseko.com/</a> <br />6. Setelah discan dengan PCMAV virus induk (mis. kata<br /> mutiara, rose.jpg, dll) akan hilang, selain itu<br /> windows, search, run dan bagian folder options pada<br /> windows explorer yang hilang akan kembali seperti<br /> semula.<br />7. Sebaiknya kaspersky diupdate setiap minggu dan pcmav<br /> diupdate setiap bulan.<p><br /><strong>Selamat mencoba!</strong><br /><strong><i>Silahkan kalau mau sharing masalah virus ini,<br />tulis di Comment</i></strong><br /></p></pre>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1163739849475989312006-11-17T10:59:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:32:39.724+07:00Biology<div class="Section1"><br /><br /></div><h1 class="Section1" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.3pt"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">I.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:city><st1:place>READING</st1:place></st1:city></span></h1><h2 class="Section1"><span style="font-size:100%;">Questions 1-6</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span>Today, biology is subdivided into hierarchies based on the molecule, the cell, the organism, and the population. Molecular biology, which spans biophysics and biochemistry, has made the most fundamental contributions to modern biology, one of which is the discovery of the mechanism of heredity. Cellular biology is closely linked with molecular biology. To understand the functions of the cell—the basic structural unit of living matter—cell biologists study <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">its</i></b> components on the molecular level. <span class="SpellE">Organismal</span> biology, in turn, is related to cellular biology. This study of organisms includes their growth and development (developmental biology) and how they function (physiology). Population biology became firmly established as a major subdivision of biological studies in 1970s. Central to this field is evolutionary biology, in which the contributions of Charles Darwin have been fully appreciated after a long period of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">neglect</i></b>.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>The most suitable title for the paragraph is ______</p><div class="Section1"><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">Biology<span style="mso-tab-count: 4"> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">Subdivision of Biology</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2">Hierarchies of Biology</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">Development of Biology</li><br /></ol></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>“…..cell biologists study its components…..” (<span class="GramE">line</span> 5). “its” in the sentence refers to ______</p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the cell's<span style="mso-tab-count: 4"> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the cell</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2">the cell biologist</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the living matter</li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Mechanism of heredity is discovered by ______</p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the molecular biologists</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the cell biologists</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the <span class="SpellE">organismal</span> biologists<span style="mso-tab-count: 3"> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the population biologists</li><br /></ol><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span class="SpellE">Organismal</span> biology studies ______</p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the organisms’ growth<span style="mso-tab-count: 3"> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span class="GramE">the</span> organisms’ development</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2">how organisms function</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">A, B, C are correct</li><br /></ol><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>“…..after a long period of neglect.” (line 10) The word “neglect” in the sentence has similar meaning with the word ______</p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">ignorance<span style="mso-tab-count: 3"> </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span class="GramE">disregrad</span> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2">carelessness</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">oversight</li><br /></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b>The following statements are TRUE as based on the<br />paragraph, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">except ______<o:p></o:p></b></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">The four hierarchies of biology are related to one another</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">Molecular biology contributes the most to modern biology</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">Evolutionary biology has been fully accepted long before the 1970s</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">Cell is the basic structural unit of living matter</li><br /></ol><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></p><h2><span style="font-size:100%;">Questions 7-13</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span>When certain blood types are mixed, a clumping of the red blood cells occurs. Suppose the wrong type of blood is injected into a person’s veins, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">clumps</i></b> formed in the blood might prevent or slow the normal circulation and cause death. A person having type <span class="GramE">A</span> blood can safely receive only type A or type O blood. Injecting other types would cause clumping in the patient’s blood vessels. A person with type B blood can receive only type B or type O blood. Persons with type AB blood can receive type AB blood or any other three types. This is why persons with type AB blood are called universal receivers. Meanwhile, persons with type O blood are known as universal donors. This means blood from type O persons can be injected into people with other blood types. However, it is best if a person receives his or her own blood type. Type O can be given when it is <span class="GramE">emergency</span>. Before any blood is injected into a patient’s vessels, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">it</i></b> must be carefully cross-matched. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>A person having type ­­______ blood can get donors of any blood type.</p><p class="MsoNormal">a. B b. A c. O d. AB<o:p></o:p></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>The type of blood which can be safely received by any person is___________</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt">a. B b. A c. O d. AB<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>“…..<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">clumps</b> formed in the blood…..” (line 2) The word “clumps” in the sentence is similar in meaning with the word ______</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt">10. Which of the following topics is NOT discussed in the paragraph?</p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the effect of the red blood cells clumping</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the cause of the red blood cells clumping</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the correct match of blood transfusion</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the composition of each blood type</li><br /></ol><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>“…<span class="GramE">..,</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">it</b> must be carefully cross-matched.” (line 10) The pronoun “it” refers to ______</p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">A person’s <span class="GramE">veins is</span> the patient</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the patient's vissels</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the injection</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">the blood</li><br /></ol><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Based on the paragraph, the following statements are TRUE, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">except </b>______</p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">A person’s <span class="GramE">veins is</span> where blood is injected.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">Clumping is formed when a person receives wrong type of blood.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">Cross-matching of blood types is not necessarily done before the blood transfusion.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">Clumps in a person’s blood might result in the death of the person.</li><br /></ol><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Questions 14-20<o:p></o:p></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span>Everyone knows the small insect called mosquito. It is possible to find mosquitoes in almost every part of the world except in the places where it is extremely cold or where it is very dry. During the summer, it is almost certain that you can find many mosquitoes near swamps, ponds, and lakes. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span>Mosquitoes have an interesting life cycle. The female mosquito bites a person or animal in order to get some blood. She needs this blood before she can lay her eggs. Second, she flies to an area of water and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">deposits</i></b> her eggs in it. In a few days, the eggs open, and the baby mosquitoes, called larvae, come out. In a short time, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">they</i></b> will mature and fly away.</p><p class="MsoNormal">It is interesting to note that only the female will bite for blood. She had a special mouth which can go into an animal’s skin or a person’s skin. On the other hand, the male mosquitoes can only <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">think? </b><span class="GramE">plant</span> juices with his mouth.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">14. <span class="GramE">The</span> most appropriate title for the text is ______</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 32.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 32.4pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">a.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span class="GramE">Insects</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 32.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 32.4pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">b.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Mosquitoes’ Life Cycle</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 32.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 32.4pt">c. the Mosquito</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 32.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 32.4pt">d. The Female Mosquitoes</p><p>15. Mosquitoes cannot be found in ______<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.2pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt">16. “…..and deposits her eggs in it.” (<span class="GramE">line</span> 6) The word “deposits” in the sentence has similar meaning with the following words, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">except _____</b></p><p>a. place b. lay c. drop d. lift<br /></p><p>17. “…..they will mature and fly away.” (<span class="GramE">line</span> 7) The pronoun “they” refers to ______<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p><br />a. the mosquitoes b. the eggs c. the baby mosquitoes d. The Female Mosquitoes<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 42.55pt">18.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>I. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span><span class="GramE">larvae</span> coming out of the eggs</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 50.15pt; TEXT-INDENT: -28.85pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">II.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>biting a person or an animal</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.7pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">III.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>flying to a water area</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">IV.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>mature larvae flying away</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 42.55pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">V.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>laying the egg in the water</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 42.55pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>The correct order to describe the mosquitoes’ life cycle is ______</p><p class="MsoNormal">19. Female mosquitoes lay their eggs in ______<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal">20. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 32.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 32.4pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">a.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Mosquitoes can be found anywhere in this world.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 32.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 32.4pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">b.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>The female mosquito only bites a person.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 32.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 32.4pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">c.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>It takes a long time for larvae to mature and fly away.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 32.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 32.4pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">d.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Female mosquitoes have a special mouth to bite for blood.<br /></p><h1 style="tab-stops: 14.2pt"><span style="font-size:85%;">II. VOCABULARY</span></h1><h2 style="tab-stops: 14.2pt"><span style="font-size:100%;">Fill in the blanks with the best words to complete the sentences!</span></h2><h2 style="tab-stops: 14.2pt"><span style="font-size:100%;">Questions 21-40</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt">21. He grows crops and raises cattle in his ______</p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt">22. Historical objects are usually kept in a ______<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">23. July<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: Rom, I’d like you to ______ my father. Dad, this is <span class="SpellE">Romi</span>.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt"><span class="SpellE">Romi</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: How do you do, Sir?<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span><br /><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt"><span class="GramE">24. An</span> ______ likes to eat sweet things.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">25. A ______ is a kind of insect which produces honey.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">26. Your mother’s sister is your ______<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">27. Teacher<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: <span class="SpellE">Parto</span>, answer my question, “Who developed the theory of evolution?”</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span class="SpellE">Parto</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </span>: I’m ______, Ma’am. Could you repeat your question?</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">28. <span class="SpellE">Indra</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: Hey, let’s go to the beach to find some shellfish!</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt"><span class="SpellE">Dhini</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: That would be fun, but I _____. I have to stay at home.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">29. You can call a ______ to carry your luggage at the station.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">30. <st1:place>Rio</st1:place><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: ______ you get me one of those apples? </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>Glen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: Sure, here you are.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">31. He works in a <u>large</u> farm. The underlined word is synonymous with the word ______<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">32. He <u>breeds</u> a lot of cattle in his ranch. The underlined word <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">cannot </b>be replaced with the word ____</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">33. The lion in the zoo <u>frightened</u> the little boy. The underlined word has the same meaning with <span class="GramE">the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>word</span> ______</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">34. Tourist<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: Could you tell me how to ______ to the station, please?</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">Native<span style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </span>: Certainly. Just go <span class="SpellE">staight</span> ahead and take the first turn to the left.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 49.65pt">35. A<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: Did you see the news about the great disaster in <span class="SpellE">Aceh</span>?</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>B<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: Yeah, that’s too ______. Let’s hope that the condition will be better soon.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">36. Daisy<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: How about going to <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Wonosari</i></span> Tea Garden next week?</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><st1:place>Novi</st1:place><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: That sounds a good ______. We can have a picnic there.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">37. These are parts of a plant, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">except</b> ______<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">38. Student <span class="GramE">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>:</span> I think Biology is more difficult than Physics.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>Student <span class="GramE">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>:</span> I ______ with you. Biology is the most difficult subject of all.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">39. ______ has a hump on its back.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">40. <span class="GramE">X<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>:</span> Do you think we can cheat on the English test tomorrow?</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span class="GramE">Y<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>:</span> I think you’d ______ stop thinking about it.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span><br /></p><h1 style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><span style="font-size:85%;">III. STRUCTURE</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><o:p></o:p></b></p><h2 style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><span style="font-size:100%;">Questions 41-60</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">41. “This food contains a lot of mineral.” Which of the sentence is a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">verb</i>?<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">42. “Biology is the science of life.” The word “of” in the sentence is a ______<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">43. He got an accident because of his ______<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">44. I ______ that man. He is so arrogant.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">45. Reza<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: Do you see my Biology books, <span class="SpellE">Ji</span>?</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span class="SpellE">Aji</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </span>: I think ______ there on the table.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><span class="GramE">46. Mr. Bond ______ in a beautiful house in </span><st1:city><st1:place><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Malang</span></span></st1:place></st1:city><span class="GramE">.</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">47. I ______ to your birthday yesterday because I was sick.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">48. He ______ the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Discovery Channel</i> right now.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">49. ______ in ghosts?</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">50. The boy’s parents have passed away. Now, he has to ______ his younger brothers.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">51. The room is rather dark. ______ <span class="GramE">the</span> light, please!<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">52. A robber ______ the factory last night.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">53. The botanist ______ in the botanical garden for years.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">54. The farmers ______ the crops yesterday.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">55. My father ______ some fertilizers tomorrow.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">56. Look at those black clouds! <span class="GramE">It ______ rain soon.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">57. Our immune system ______ to protect us against harmful bacteria.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">58. Lime ______ as fertilizers by the Romans during the empire.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">59. A tortoise is ______ than a hare.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt">60. Mike<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: Oh no, I got a bad score in the Biology test!</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span class="SpellE">Dono</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>: Really? Let me see. Don’t worry, buddy, my score is ______ than yours.</p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></p>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1162100828099482962006-10-29T12:44:00.002+07:002010-02-24T12:32:56.110+07:00New Interchange Test Prep<pre><br /><strong>Hi,guys! </strong>How are you getting on? <strong>Happy Ied! </strong>I hope<br />you’ve had a great holiday so far,but now it’s time<br />to start thinking about the <strong>Final Test </strong>☺.<br />Remember, the test will cover all the <strong>language skills </strong><br />(Reading,Writing,Listening, and Speaking) + the <strong>language<br />components </strong>(Vocabulary and Grammar), and here are<br />some <strong>learning strategies </strong>you can apply to prepare<br />for the test. You can take all of them, you can choose<br />some that you think are the most effective, or you can<br />have your own way of learning.<br />® Go through the <strong>Unit Summaries </strong>on the back pages<br /> of the Student’s Book.<br />® If you find things you <strong>don’t understand</strong>, refer to<br /> the main pages of your book or your dictionary,<br /> consult your note book, discuss them with friends,<br /> or ask your lecturer.<br />® <strong>Check your understanding </strong>by going over the exercises<br /> there in the Student’s Book and especially, the <br /> Workbook.<br />® Give <strong>more focus </strong>on things you haven’t understood well.<br />® <strong>Practice</strong> listening (at SAC, for example), and speaking.<br />® Manage your <strong>time </strong>well.<br />® <strong>Study </strong>hard, and <strong>pray </strong>a lot.<br />® One more thing, I’ve compiled some <strong>exercises </strong>that<br /> are mostly related to Grammar. <br /><br /><center><strong>~ Wish U best of Luck,‘n c u! ~</strong></center><br /><br /><br /><strong>Exercise 1: Complete the sentences by using the words in <br />parentheses. Use the SIMPLE PRESENT or the PRESENT <br />PROGRESSIVE.Some of the sentences are negative. <br />Some of the sentences are questions.<br />Supply the short answer to the questions if necessary.</strong><br /><br />1. A : Where are the children?<br /> B : In the living room<br /> A : What are they doing? (They, watch) ______ TV?<br /> B : No, ______. They (play) ______ a game.<br />2. A : My sister (have) ______ a new car. She bought it <br /> last month.<br /> B : (You, have) ______ a car?<br /> A : No, ______. Do you?<br /> B : No, but I have a ten-speed bike.<br />3. A : Shhh.<br /> B : Why? (The baby, sleep) ______ ?<br /> A : U-huh. She (take) ______ her afternoon nap.<br /> B : Okay, I’ll talk softly. I (want, not) ______ to <br /> wake her up.<br />4. A : Ron, (be) ______ this your hat?<br /> B : No, ______. It (belong, not) ______ to me.<br /> Maybe it (belong) ______ to Kevin.<br /> Why don’t you ask him about it?<br /> A : Okay.<br />5. A : Johnny, (you, listen) ______ to me?<br /> B : Of course I am, Mom. You (want) ______ me to <br /> take out<br /> the garbage. Right?<br /> A : Right! And right now!<br />6. A : What (you, think) ______ about every night before<br /> you fall asleep?<br /> B : I (think) ______ about all of the pleasant things <br /> that happened during the day. I (think, not) <br /> ______ about my problems.<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 2: Complete the following dialogues by <br />using the words in parentheses. Use the SIMPLE PAST. <br />Give short answers to the questions where necessary.</strong><br /><br />1. A : (you, go) Did you go to class yesterday?<br /> B : No, I didn’t. I (stay) <u><em><strong>stayed</strong></em></u> home<br /> because (feel, not) <u><em><strong>didn’t feel</strong></em></u> good.<br />2. A : (you, sleep) ______ well last night?<br /> B : Yes, ______. I (sleep) ______ very well.<br />3. A : (Tom’s plane, arrive) ______ on time yesterday?<br /> B : Yes, ______. It (get in) ______ at 6:05 on the dot.<br />4. A : (you, stay) ______ home and (study) ______ <br /> last night?<br /> B : No, ______. I (go) ______ to a new movie,<br /> Pirates of the Caribbean.<br /> A : (you, like) ______ it?<br /> B : It was okay, I guess, but I don’t really like that <br /> kind of movies.<br />5. A : (Mary, study) ______ last night?<br /> B : No, ______. She (watch) ______ TV.<br />6. A : (Mark Twain, write) ______ Tom Sawyer?<br /> B : Yes, ______. He also (write) ______ <br /> Huckleberry Finn.<br />7. A : (The children, go) ______ to the zoo yesterday?<br /> B : Yes, ______. And they (have) ______ a wonderful <br /> time.<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 3: Use be going to / the PRESENT PROGRESSIVE <br />to complete the sentences.</strong><br /><br />1. (start) The game <u><em><strong>is going to start / is starting</strong></em></u><br /> at 1 tomorrow afternoon.<br />2. (have) We ______ chicken and pasta for dinner tonight.<br />3. (walk) I ______ to school tomorrow morning.<br />4. (leave) The bus ______ at 8:15 tomorrow morning.<br />5. (begin, end) The exam ______ at 9:00 tomorrow and<br /> ______ at 11:00.<br />6. (get) Have you heard the news? Laura and Jason ______<br /> married in August.<br />7. (arrive, take) Alex’s plane ______ at 10:14 tomorrow <br /> morning.<br /> I can’t pick him up, so he ______ the airport bus into<br /> the city center.<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 4: Use the PRESENT PERFECT to complete the <br />sentences.</strong><br /><br />1. (I, meet)______ Ann’s husband. I met him at a party <br /> last week.<br />2. (They, know) Bob and Jane are old friends. ______ <br /> each other for a long time.<br />3. (It, be) I don’t like this weather. ______ cold and <br /> cloudy for the last three days.<br />4. (You, learn) Your English is getting better. ______ <br /> a lot of English since you came here.<br />5. (I, write, not) ______ my sister a letter in a long <br /> time. I should write her soon.<br />6. (I, meet, never) ______ Nancy’s parents. I hope I get <br /> the chance to meet them soon.<br />7. (Alice, go, never) ______ to the Museum of Science and<br /> Industry in Chicago, but she would like to.<br />8. (We, finish, not) ______ this exercise yet.<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 5: Complete the sentences with the words in<br />parentheses. Use the PRESENT PERFECT or the SIMPLE PAST.</strong><br /><br />1. A : Have you ever been in Europe?<br /> B : Yes, I have. I (be) <u><em><strong>have been</strong></em></u> in Europe several <br /> times. In fact,I (be) <u><em><strong>was</strong></em></u> in Europe <br /> last year.<br />2. A : Have you ever eaten at that Steak House?<br /> B : Yes, I ______. I (eat) ______ there<br /> many times. In fact, my wife and I (eat) ______ <br /> there last night.<br />3. A : When are you going to write your paper for <br /> Dr. Roth?<br /> B : I (write, already) ______ it. I (write)<br /> ______ it two days ago.<br />4. A : When is Jane going to call her parents and tell <br /> them about her engagement?<br /> B : She (call, already) ______ them. She (call)______ <br /> them last night.<br />5. A : (Bob, have, ever) ______ a job?<br /> B : Yes, he ______. He (have) ______ lots of part-time <br /> jobs. Last summer he (have) ______ a job at <br /> his uncle’s waterbed store.<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 6: Choose the correct words in parentheses.</strong><br /><br />1. Children should obey (his, their) parents.<br />2. A : Excuse me. Is this (my, mine) dictionary or <br /> (your, yours)?<br /> B : This one is (my, mine). (Your, Yours) is on <br /> (your, yours) desk.<br />3. The bird cleaned (its, it’s) feathers with (its, <br /> it’s) beak.<br />4. A : What kind of bird is that?<br /> B : (It’s, Its) a crow.<br />5. Paula had to drive my car to work. (Hers, Her) <br /> had a flat tire.<br />6. Julie fell off her bicycle and broke (hers, her) <br /> arm.<br />7. Fruit should be a part of (your, yours) daily <br /> diet. (It, They) (is, are)good for (you, them).<br />8. a. Adam and Amanda are married. (They, Them) <br /> live in an apartment building.<br /> b. (Their, There, They’re) apartment is on<br /> the fifth floor.<br /> c. We live in the same building. (Our, Ours)<br /> apartment has one bedroom,but (their, theirs)<br /> has two.<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 7: In the following dialogues, the long answer <br />is given in parentheses. Look at the long answer, <br />and then make the appropriate YES / NO QUESTION<br />and SHORT ANSWER to complete each dialogue. <br />Do not use a negative verb in the question.</strong><br /><br />1. A : <u><em><strong>Do you know my brother</strong></em></u>?<br /> B : No, <u><em><strong>I don’t</strong></em></u>. (I don’t know your brother.)<br />2. A : ______ ?<br /> B : Yes,______ (Jane eats lunch at the cafeteria every <br /> day.)<br />3. A : ______ ?<br /> B : No, ______ (That pen doesn’t belong to me.)<br />4. A : ______ ?<br /> B : Yes, ______ (The students in this class speak <br /> English well.)<br />5. A : ______ ?<br /> B : Yes, ______ (I slept well last night.)<br />6. A : ______ ?<br /> B : No, ______ (Ann and Jim didn’t come to class <br /> yesterday.)<br />7. A : ______ ?<br /> B : Yes, ______ (I’m from Java.)<br />8. A : ______?<br /> B : No, ______ (The children are naughty.)<br />9. A : ______ ?<br /> B : Yes, ______ (Tim Wilson is in my astronomy class.)<br />10.A : ______ ?<br /> B : No, ______ (It wasn’t foggy yesterday.)<br />11.A : ______ ?<br /> B : No, ______ (I won’t be at home tonight.)<br />12.A : ______ ?<br /> B : No, ______ (Jason isn’t going to be at work <br /> tomorrow.)<br />13.A : ______ ?<br /> B : Yes, ______ (Karen will finish her work before<br /> she goes to bed.)<br />14.A : ______ ?<br /> B : No, ______ (I can’t play the piano.)<br />15.A : ______ ?<br /> B : Yes, ______ (Some birds can swim under water.)<br />16.A : ______ ?<br /> B : Yes, ______ (You should make an appointment to see<br /> the doctor.)<br />17.A : _______ ?<br /> B : Yes, ______ (You need to make an appointment to see<br /> the manager.)<br />18.A : ______ ?<br /> B : Yes, ______ (I have a bicycle.)<br />19.A : ______ ?<br /> B : No, ______ (Greg doesn’t have a roommate.)<br />20.A : ______ ?<br /> B : Yes, ______ (I have to study tonight.)<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 8: Fill in the blanks with appropriate<br />Wh-questions.</strong><br /><br />1. A : ______ ?<br /> B : T-H-O-M-A-S<br />2. A : ______ ?<br /> B : I work for Yamaha.<br />3. A : ______ ?<br /> B : You can call me Marie.<br />4. A : ______ ?<br /> B : Pretty good, thanks.<br />5. A : ______ ?<br /> B : He’s my older brother<br />6. A : ______ ?<br /> B : It’s a great music concert. I love it.<br />7. A : ______ ?<br /> B : Well, I usually spend my days at home. <br /> I don’t go to school and I haven’t got a job.<br />8. A : ______ ?<br /> B : I came at 6 p.m.<br />9. A : ______ ?<br /> B : It’s $ 20.<br />10.A : ______ ?<br /> B : I prefer the green ones.<br />11.A : ______ ?<br /> B : I like it a lot.<br />12.A : ______ ?<br /> B : That’s a good idea. We can go after this.<br />13.A : ______ ?<br /> B : I’m studying computers this semester.<br />14.A : ______ ?<br /> B : Everyday. I hardly leave my computer.<br />15.A : ______ ?<br /> B : Not very well. My brother is much better <br /> than me at playing the guitar.<br />16.A : ______ ?<br /> B : A month. I just arrived last night.<br />17.A : ______ ?<br /> B : There is so much. It’s too noisy in my <br /> neighborhood.<br />18.A : ______ ?<br /> B : She is young and pretty.<br />19.A : ______ ?<br /> B : He’s the old man in sweater.<br />20.A : ______ ?<br /> B : It’s a bit cold, but it’s a very beautiful city.<br />21.A : ______ ?<br /> B : You should take an aspirin.<br />22.A : ______ ?<br /> B : I’d like a cup of hot coffee.<br />23.A : ______ ?<br /> B : No, thank you. That will be all.<br />24.A : ______ ?<br /> B : It’s 237 miles from New York City to <br /> Washington D.C.<br />25.A : ______ ?<br /> B : Mount Everest is 29,028 feet high.<br />26.A : ______ ?<br /> B : I’m 170 cm tall.<br />27.A : ______ ?<br /> B : I think English is more difficult than <br /> Mathematics.<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 9: Following are some phone conversations.<br />Complete the dialogues. Use MODALS + I + a verb<br />from the list. Note: the caller is speaker B.</strong><br /><br /><em>help leave speak/talk take </em><br /><br />1. A : Hello?<br /> B : Hello. Is Dick there?<br /> A : Yes, he is.<br /> B : ______ to him?<br /> A : Just a minute. I’ll get him.<br />2. A : Hello. Dean Black’s office.<br /> B : ______ to Dean Black?<br /> A : May I ask who is calling?<br /> B : Susan Abbott.<br /> A : Just a moment, Ms. Abbott. I’ll connect you.<br />3. A : Good afternoon. Dr. Anderson’s office. ______ you?<br /> B : Yes. I like to make an appointment with <br /> Dr. Anderson.<br /> A : Fine. Is Friday Morning at 10 alright?<br /> B : Yes. Thank you. Your name?<br />4. A : Hello?<br /> B : Hello. ______ to Amelia?<br /> A : She’s not at home right now. ______ a message?<br /> B : No, thanks. I’ll call later.<br />5. A : Hello?<br /> B : Hello. ______ to Jack?<br /> A : He’s not here right now.<br /> B : Oh. ______ a message?<br /> A : Certainly. I’ll get a pen.<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 10: Following are some phone conversations. <br />Complete the dialogues. Use MODALS + YOU + a verb. <br />Note: the caller is speaker B.</strong><br /><br /><em>answer the phone for me<br />say that again<br />get the door for me<br />turn it down<br />open the window<br />turn the volume up<br />pick some up</em><br /><br />1. Teacher : It’s getting hot in here. <br /> <u><em><strong>Would/Could/Will/Can you please</u></strong></em> <br /> <em><strong><u>open the window</strong></em></u>?<br /> Student : <u><em><strong>Of course, I’d be happy to./Sure./etc</strong></em>.</u><br /> Teacher : <u><em><strong>Thank you./Thanks</strong></em>.</u><br /> Student : You’re welcome.<br />2. Friend A : The phone is ringing, but my hands are full.<br /> ______________________<br /> Friend B : ______________________<br /> Friend A : ______________________<br /> Friend B : No problem.<br />3. Roommate A : I’m trying to study, but the radio is too <br /> loud. ______________________<br /> Roommate B : ______________________<br /> Roommate A : ______________________<br /> Roommate B : That’s OK. No problem.<br />4. Sister : I’m trying to listen to the news on TV, <br /> but I cannot hear it.______________________<br /> Brother: ______________________<br /> Sister : ______________________<br /> Brother: Don’t mention it.<br />5. Husband: Honey, I’m out of razor blades. <br /> When you go to the store,_________________<br /> Wife : ______________________<br /> Husband: ______________________<br /> Wife : Anything else?<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 11: Draw a line to the expressions of quantity <br />that cannot be used to complete the sentences.</strong><br /><br />1. I ate ______ fruit.<br /> a. some e. too many<br /> b. several f. too much<br /> c. a little g. a lot of<br /> d. a few h. two<br />2. I get ______ mail every day.<br /> a. a lot of e. too much<br /> b. some f. too many<br /> c. a little g. several<br /> d. a few h. three<br />3. There is ______ traffic in the street.<br /> a. several e. a lot of<br /> b. some f. a few<br /> c. too many g. too much<br /> d. a little h. five<br />4. I ate ______ apples.<br /> a. some e. too many<br /> b. several f. too much<br /> c. a little g. a lot of<br /> d. a few h. two<br />5. I get ______ letters every day.<br /> a. a lot of e. too much<br /> b. some f. too many<br /> c. a little g. several<br /> d. a few h. three<br />6. There are ______ cars in the street.<br /> a. several e. a lot of<br /> b. some f. a few<br /> c. too many g. too much<br /> d. a little h. five<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 12: Show that you agree. <br />Write sentences with the words given.</strong><br /><br />1. Jack has a mustache.<br /> ______________________ (Tom, too)<br />2. Sara was at home last night.<br /> ______________________ (I, so)<br />3. Karen hasn’t seen that movie yet.<br /> ______________________ (you, either)<br />4. I don’t like horror movies.<br /> ______________________ (Alice, neither)<br />5. California is on the West Coast.<br /> ______________________ (Oregon, so)<br />6. Wales are mammals.<br /> ______________________ (porpoises, too)<br />7. I have a car.<br /> ______________________ (your brother, so)<br />8. Jim can’t speak Arabic.<br /> ______________________ (Dick, neither)<br />9. Rob won’t join us for lunch.<br /> ______________________ (Erin, either)<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 13: Give the COMPARATIVE and the SUPERLATIVE <br />forms of the following adjectives.</strong><br /><br />1. high ~ higher, the highest<br />2. careful ~<br />3. slow ~<br />4. active ~<br />5. funny ~<br />6. wet ~<br />7. sweet ~<br />8. late ~<br />9. thin ~<br />10.clean ~<br />11.serious ~<br />12.good ~<br />13.bad ~<br />14.clear ~<br />15.happy ~<br />16.confusing ~<br />17.courageous ~<br />18.common ~<br />19.friendly ~<br />20.red ~<br />21.wild ~<br />22.confusing ~<br /><br /><strong>Exercise 14: Complete these sentences. Use the <br />comparative or the superlative of the words given.</strong><br /><br />1. Alaska is (large) ______ Texas.<br />2. Alaska is (large) ______ state in the US.<br />3. Old shoes are usually (comfortable) ______ new shoes.<br />4. I have one sister and one brother. My sister is (young) <br /> ______ in the family.<br />5. Mark’s knife was (sharp) ______ a razor blade.<br />6. I like Chinese food (good) ______ French food.<br />7. What is (embarrassing) ______ experience you’ve <br /> ever had?<br />8. My hometown is (friendly) ______ place I’ve ever <br /> been to.<br /><br /><br /><center><strong><em>………The End………</em></strong></center></pre>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1161155947343215492006-10-18T14:16:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:33:12.054+07:00Statement of Professional Belief<p class="MsoTitle" align="center"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-size:12;" >STATEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL BELIEF</p><div class="Section1"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-size:12;" >As we come closer to the free trade era where products, information, and technology will be spreading much more rapidly than today, mastering English as the first international language is a need and a must.</span> <span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-size:12;" >The government has surely realized that; therefore, English has been taught as a compulsory subject in junior and senior high school. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, the result is not yet satisfactory. This condition has aroused awareness of the importance of English teaching at the earlier level, that is, at the primary school. There are some considerations related to the children’s condition that support the awareness. First, children have more opportunities than adults. Second, their brain is more adaptable before puberty than after. Third, they have fewer negative attitudes to foreign languages; thus, they are better motivated. The last, they are learning all the time without having the worries <span class="GramE">and</span> responsibilities of adults. So, it’s very logical that many people think studying English at earlier level can make the children acquire English more easily. However, there are still many other factors to consider. One very important factor would be teacher. It’s no doubt that teachers play an important role in the teaching of English to young learners (EYL). Their methods of teaching would very much affect the learning outcomes. As a candidate for teacher, I realize this great responsibility, and I’m so grateful for having had the chance to attend courses, like EYL and TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language), because I’m sure that I have gained a lot of principles, concepts, and experiences from the courses about children’s characteristics, classroom management, teaching language skills and components, teaching tools, lesson plan, and others, which makes me more confident to be an English teacher, particularly to young learners. </div><div class="Section1"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-size:12;" >One crucial principle on teaching EYL that I still hold until now is giving the students exposure to English as much as possible. We accustom their ears to listening to English, their mouth to speaking English, and their eyes to seeing nothing but English. I’m sure it can be done but certainly not in haste. We should consider the students’ receptive ability and their linguistic level, so that they won’t get bored or even sick of English, and everything we give and everything they do will sustain in their memory and are significant for their learning. We should try to communicate in English with them most of the time and avoid much translation. Instead, we’d better use clues, such as, body movement, facial expression, or demonstration, to convey our message. We can start by having small conversations that is habitual, like greetings, asking whether or not they understand our explanation or have a question, or asking <span class="GramE">them</span> things related to the topic and their daily lives. We can teach them to use key words when they want to go to the restroom, borrow something from their friends, say sorry, thank people, and any other activity which they commonly do in or outside the classroom. In this way, we train them to use the language in context; therefore, their ears and their mouth will be more easily accustomed to English. Usually, when children learn something new, they will try to show it off to people, so, it is hoped that they will practice the English words they’ve learned whenever and wherever. We should encourage the existence of peer correction since we can’t always keep an eye on every <span class="GramE">children</span> every time. Moreover, it’s not good for teachers to do constant and direct correction. We should encourage them to remind each other; however, we should emphasize to the students that making mistake is normal, so when they correct their friends’ English, it is not meant to be discouraging. We can give <span class="GramE">them</span> examples of how to make positive correction. So, we begin an English campaign in the classroom; we speak English and we ask them to listen and repeat, and we teach them how to respond to our speech. Another point is accustoming the students to seeing nothing but English. We can try out the concept of print-rich class environment. We label everything in the classroom: blackboard, table, chair, wall, duster, window, door, and even floor. As long as we do it neatly, nobody would mind. We don’t need to ask the students to memorize the words because they will do it unintentionally. We can also ask them to label their own things, anything they have, especially their school equipment, using English. We provide them with a special board to pin on things, such as, their drawings, writings, posters, or anything they produce in the English class and anything related to English that they like. Young children respond well to surroundings which are pleasant and familiar. It would be much better if we can have an English corner: a special room in the corner where the students can find not only board but also a rug or a pile of cushions, or small chairs and a shelf containing English story books and magazines to read, stationery to write with, and toys to play with during the break time or in a special time allotted during the lesson. In this way, we teach them to learn and enjoy English with their senses. Later on, when they’re already used to listening to, speaking, and seeing English, they will try to find, by themselves, media for language exposure outside the class, and this will obviously help them learn English and lighten our work as teachers.<?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></span><br /><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-size:12;" >Another principle that I believe to be able to promote effective and enjoyable English learning is definitely fun. Children have short concentration span and get bored easily. One way that has proven to be useful to keep them motivated is giving them fun learning activities. Songs,rhymes, games, and stories are the common examples of classroom fun. We can use songs to teach the students English sounds or alphabets, to reinforce vocabulary, or to have fun. We can also use sons as background music while they are working on another task. There are many songs specially created for the EYL teaching, so we can just pick one good song that is relevant to the topic of our discussion. Or else, we can find a popular modern song<span class="GramE">, <span style="font-size:0;"></span>change</span> the lyrics of a song or even create our own song. Teaching rhymes is an activity which enables the students to have fun by playing with the language since rhymes are repetitive and have natural rhythm. Once they know a rhyme, they would try to repeat it again and again, unconsciously learning pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Another practical activity which is inseparable from the teaching of EYL would be games. I think we can use games for any topic we discuss with the students. Games can be a kind of reward or an additional activity placed at the end of the lesson, yet it can also be a part of teaching learning process. They can reduce the students’ boredom, create an exciting atmosphere, and give the chance to them to move about; thus, they don’t have to sit still during the whole lesson. The last example of fun activity, which <span class="GramE">are</span> commonly done in the classroom, is related to stories. We can tell or read the students a story. But first, we should choose a story that fits the student’s age, ability, and context, and also our own interest. <span class="GramE">Another <span style="font-size:0;"></span>important</span> thing is how to perform the story; we should accompany our speech with adequate degree of movement and facial expression. What I’ve written above probably looks not more than theories, but I can tell that from my EYL course and from my daily life, I’ve learned many kinds of songs, rhymes, games, and stories, and I’ve seen and experienced the application. Those activities are undoubtedly significant for the English language teaching (ELT) in primary school, and integrating them in my teaching would be of my best interest.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="Section1"><br /><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="font-size:0;"></span>Still another thing to consider when talking about EYL is the use of instructional media. “Don’t rely too much on textbook!<span class="GramE">”.</span> This is the principle I’ve always born in mind. We should use varied techniques in teaching children, and media would be an excellent variation if it is used appropriately and proportionally. <span style="font-size:0;"></span>Picture cards are the most commonly used media so far. They can be taken from any source as long as they are relevant with the topic, give contribution to the learning outcomes, and are appropriate with the children’s characteristics. They can function as still pictures when we use them to explain a topic, or function as flash cards when we use them to drill the students. There are still many other kinds of media that can help us in teaching, such as, realia, real objects, flip charts, transparencies, word or sentence cards, big book, toys, puppets, classroom mascot, and so on. We can use real objects to introduce new vocabulary; flip charts to explain words' antonyms, numbers, or contrastive situation; transparencies to tell a story, describe a process, explain something gradually, or to save time for not having to write on the board; class mascot, a puppet or a doll which is belong to the whole class, to accompany us and the students. We can act as the mascot by changing our voice, <span class="GramE">then</span> we can talk to the students, so that we won’t have to speak too much as a teacher, which may have been very boring for the students. After the lesson, we can leave the mascot in the class, so that the students can have free dialogue or play with him/ her. Those are only a few examples of media’s functions, because actually, media can be used in an unlimited number of ways. In fact, we will always need media to facilitate our teaching. It’s not an impossible thing; we can buy the media or make it by ourselves. The principle is that when there's a will, there's a way. Besides those kinds of visual media, we should also provide the students with supplementary materials, such as authentic materials and cassettes. Magazines, newspapers, and recorded English speech would be a very helpful variation in our teaching. Talking about media, we may not forget that technology has been of great help in teaching EYL. It is unfortunate that it is not yet widely used in </span><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-size:12;" >Indonesia</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-size:12;" >, and when compared to other Asian countries, we’re already left behind. <span class="GramE">However, better late than never.</span> We can start to learn a lot of how to make use of, for example, Microsoft Power Point, interactive learning CD-ROM, or any other computer programmes, which have proven to be very exciting, interesting, as well as educational for the students. So, we’ve discussed a lot about media, which has surely justified many people’s idea that it’s important. Nevertheless, we may not forget about textbook. We can’t rely too much on it, but we still always need it because it’s something that is most accessible by the students. They can open it, bring it, learn from it, and do exercises in it anytime they want; therefore, selecting a good textbook for our class is not less important.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="Section1"><br /><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="font-size:0;"></span>Exposing the students to English, integrating fun activities and using media in teaching, all need a high degree of patience, creativity, willingness, and dedication especially in the part of the teacher, and also, not less importantly, the support from the students themselves, their parents, fellow teachers, principle, and the government. Let’s just talk about the teacher’s part. I believe that we can build our creativity if we want to. We should continue learning, so that we can gain new ideas and apply them in the classroom. We should dare to try out the new ideas, yet we shouldn’t do it carelessly. It should be well-planned and organized: we think about the objectives and the procedure, how to conduct it in the classroom. In this case, we can reduce the probability of failure. <span class="GramE">Even though we fail, for example, with our media: the students are not interested in it or it doesn’t help the teaching learning process, we shouldn’t throw it away.</span> We have to do an evaluation first, to find what is wrong, whether it’s about the media itself, how we handle it, about our classroom management, or perhaps the media is just not appropriate with the students’ characteristics and irrelevant with the topic. We should know what mistakes we’ve done, so that we can learn from them. There's always trial and error. Teaching English to young learners has to be done carefully and not in rush. It’s not easy, and certainly needs patience and hard work. I personally realize that, but I have, again, one principle, that once I chose this profession, I’ve already had the commitment of devoting my life to the success of my students in learning English. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /></span><br /></span>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1161155467621667322006-10-18T14:05:00.002+07:002010-02-24T12:33:37.788+07:00KINESICS THE BONE COLLECTOR<div class="Section1"><h1><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><i><span style="font-family:';">Sociolinguistics</span></i></b></span><b><i><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span><br /></span></span></i></b><b><span style="font-family:';"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><br /><h3><span style="font-family:';">KINESICS<span style="font-size:0;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:0;"></span><span style="font-size:0;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></h3><h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"></span><span style="font-size:0;"></span><span style="font-size:0;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><h1 style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-family:';font-size:16;" >The Bone Collector<o:p></o:p></span></b></h1><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><b><span style="font-family:';">Cast</span></b><span style="font-family:';">: <span class="SpellE">Denzel</span> Washington as <i>Lincoln Rhyme</i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-family:';">Angeline</span></span><span style="font-family:';"> <span class="SpellE">Jolie</span> as <i>Amelia <span class="SpellE">Donaghy</span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';">Leland <span class="SpellE">Orser</span> as <i>Richard Thompson</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><h3 style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';">Synopsis <o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"></span>Lincoln Rhyme was a very genius police officer assigned in NYPD at the CSI (Crime Scene Investigation). He wrote a lot books about forensics. When he was on duty investigating a murder, he got an accident that made him totally paralyzed. Since then, he had to stay in bed surrounded by many kinds of equipment, from medical equipment to <span class="SpellE">electronical</span> ones, such as computers, monitor, and telephone. He could not move his whole body except his head and his fingers, which he used to press the buttons in both sides of his bed, so that he could operate the <span class="SpellE">elecronical</span> machines. He still could talk, was still working as a policeman, and did his work from his bed by using his genius brain and the machines. He was also fully paid by the NYPD. One day, a mysterious murder happened, and the first police officer who examined the crime scene was Amelia, a traffic policewoman. She took some pictures of the scene. <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> was assigned to find the murderer, and he directly took some actions to solve the case by gathering some police officers to become the members of his team. He also asked Amelia to join the team since he was very impressed with her work on examining the crime scene. And so, the team started to collect evidence and began the investigation. The murder was genius though. He did his crime very neatly, and he always left some mysterious clues for the police. The clues could lead them to the next target of the serial killings, but every time <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> found out the meaning, the murderer had already killed the victim.<span style="font-size:0;"> </span>The killings continued to happen until the murderer came to his main target, who was <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> himself. It turned out that the murderer was Richard Thompson, the one who took care of Lincoln’s medical apparatus. He did all the murders to take revenge on <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> because he felt that <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> had ruined his life and made him suffered. By the time Richard was about to stab <span class="SpellE">Linc</span>, Amelia showed up and shot Richard. In the end, Richard died and <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> survived. He was not staying in bed anymore; instead, he used a wheel chair, a sophisticated one, of course. <o:p></o:p></span></p><h4 style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';">The Kinesics of the Good Guys<o:p></o:p></span></h4><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="font-size:0;">v </span></span><b><i><span style="font-family:';">Lincoln Rhyme<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-family:';">Linc</span></span><span style="font-family:';"> had the required characteristics of a good police officer as well as a nice person. He was brave, firm, tough, smart, emotionally stable, wise, and understanding. Moreover, he had a strong leadership and intuition. This judgement is based on the way he talked and the kinesics he used. His kinesics mostly involves eye gaze and facial expression, and occasionally head<br />movement.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"> <span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">When <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> wanted to speak seriously with someone, his <i>eyes</i> usually were fixed upon the person and hardly any <i>smile</i> could be seen.<br />He maintained the intensive <i>eye contact</i> until the talk was over. This is shown in some scenes, such as, when he asked Amelia to work with him in investigating the serial killings, and when he described the jobs of each members of the team, and ordered them to do<br />their<span style="font-size:0;"> </span>respective jobs.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">In other time, when <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> was criticized, he would only <i>smile</i> slightly with no <i>look</i> of anger in his <i>face</i>. It happened in one scene where Amelia protested him for being authoritative in asking her to join his team.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">Although <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> was a firm police officer, he could act wisely in some occasions. When Amelia didn’t want to examine the first victim’s body because she couldn’t stand seeing the condition, <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> didn’t <i>look</i> angry with her. Instead, he tried to encourage her to do the work. Still, Amelia didn’t want to and she even intended to resign from the team. <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> called her and was able to make her tell her bad experience, and with his comforting <i>eyes</i>, he told her that he understood everything and convinced her to rejoin the team.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">When making analysis by recalling his memory<br />and thinking seriously, <span class="SpellE">Linc’s</span> <i>eyes</i> were either blinking or focused on no direction without<br />blinking.<span style="font-size:0;"> </span>It was sometimes combined with contracted <i>eyebrows</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">When observing things related to the crime, such as the evidence or the clues, <span class="SpellE">Linc’s</span> <i>eye gaze</i> was very sharp examining and analyzing the things while also pressing the buttons in the sides of his bed. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"> </span><span class="SpellE">Linc</span> was not afraid to show his dislike to even a high-rank police officer. He was not hesitate to only <i>look </i>at the person he disliked with one eye and then <i>looked</i> away, or even not looking at all, but only using <i>head movement</i> to respond to what the person’s saying. We can find it in one scene where a bad police officer named Howard came to his place.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';"><span class="SpellE">Linc</span> was very intuitive. When Richard came to kill him, he had already felt that there’s<br />something wrong before Richard told him everything. He had already tried to call the police station by pressing the buttons with his fingers silently. However, he had to say something on the phone and this was the moment when Richard knew what he was up to.</span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';"><span class="SpellE">Linc’s</span> genius brain was still working even though he’s in a very difficult situation. In a scene<br />where he’s going to be killed by Richard and he was obviously helpless, he could find a way to postpone the murder, that is, by biting Richard’s neck and making him injured.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';">As an ordinary person, <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> still showed his sentimental side in some occasions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">When <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> was asked to have a break by his crew since his health condition was decreasing, he <i>looked</i> angry, but not long afterwards, his <i>eyes</i> revealed his sadness. He was actually desperate with his condition and he had even signed an agreement for euthanasia. However, he could conceal everything and still became a brave and tough leader for the rest members of the team.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"> </span><span class="SpellE">Linc</span> also showed sad <i>eyes</i> in the scene where he saw the victims of the murders, who were usually badly wounded. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"> </span><span class="SpellE">Linc’s</span> happiness could still be seen in some scenes, like when he made a friendly <i>smile</i> while joking with Thelma, his nurse, or when he <i>smiled</i> slightly seeing Amelia’s good job which showed that he was proud and happy with it.</span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';"><span class="SpellE">Linc</span> was paralyzed, but his feeling toward woman was not vanished. He knew that Amelia’s got feeling on him and when looking at her, his <i>eyes </i>showed that he felt the same way especially in some scenes where they were in a very close <i>distance</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="font-size:0;">v</span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><b><i><span style="font-family:';">Amelia <span class="SpellE">Donaghy</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"></span>Amelia <span class="SpellE">Donaghy</span> is not way different from Lincoln Rhyme, except that she’s a woman. She is also a good police officer, a brave, smart, tough, responsible, self-reliant, and careful one. Although she is a woman, she could cope with her colleagues and did her job as well as they did. It is shown by her kinesics, which can be identified as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><h1 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="font-size:0;">Ø</span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family:';">Eye gaze<o:p></o:p></span></i></h1><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">She always looked directly at the eyes of the person she was talking to. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">She used friendly eye gaze when seeing a child who gave her information about a murder,<br />so that the child would not be afraid and worried.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">When she felt that she had to defend herself, she tended to look at the eyes of the<br />person she was talking to more strongly. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">When her supervisor asked her to change her current job and moved to his division she<br />looked directly at him even though he was her supervisor.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">When she was asked to see and observe another victim, Mrs. Rubin, her eyes gave a sign<br />of shock and sadness, but she tried to be strong<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">If she felt touched, she could not hide it from her eyes. She even cried when she was<br />reminded of her late father and her eyes showed pain, sadness and disappointment. When she experienced or saw a very sad moment like when a young girl’s grandfather was murdered, she also could not resist on crying.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="font-size:0;">Ø<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:';">Body movement<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">Her movements were fast and she had a good reflex<b><i>.</i></b> She moved very fast, carefully and well arranged when she heard about the news of murder as if it had been her habit as a member of police department when she heard any bad news. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">She carefully and thoroughly took pictures of events around the crime scenes that<br />might become important evidence. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">When she walked with her man colleagues, she did it as fast as her colleagues did. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">She was so curious when she was in the place where the murders had happened that she<br />walked slowly and cautiously examining her surroundings<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="font-size:0;">Ø<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:';">Proximity<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">She kept around fifty centimeters distance when she talked to the child she found in the first crime scene.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">She kept around fifty centimeters distance from her colleagues when she walked with them. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="font-size:0;">Ø<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:';">Posture<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">She bent her back when she talked to a child so that her position was almost the same<br />with the child.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">She is very sturdy in the way she was standing, sitting, and walking.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="font-size:0;">Ø<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:';">Facial expression<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">She talked to Lincoln Rhyme when he urged her to change her position with an expression of a strong and tough person to defend her position <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="font-size:0;">¨<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family:';">She looked very shocked and disappointed when she found the victim of the murder,Mrs. Rubin, but she kept on being tough and doing her job, collecting the signs of the murder.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><h3 style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';">The Kinesics of the Bad Guy <o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"></span>Frankly speaking, the bad guy was rarely shown in the film. <span class="SpellE">Everytime</span> he did the murder, he<br />was wearing a mask. So it was difficult to see his facial expression. Fortunately, his body movement and eye gaze can still be identified. And luckily, in the end of the film, when he tried to kill his last victim, he wasn’t wearing a mask. The kinesics of Richard Thompson as the bad guy (murderer) can be identified as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="font-size:0;">Ø<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:';">Eye gaze<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"></span>When Richard look at his victims, he used a threatening gaze. He gazed at the victim with sharp look and lack of blinking. From his eyes, it could be seen that he was a cold-blooded murderer.<br />He tended to sweep the room finding a victim with his eyes. He always used steady gaze when he looked at people.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="font-size:0;">Ø<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:';">Body movement/ posture<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"></span>The bad guy rarely moved his body. He didn’t like to move here and there without any purpose. When he drove a taxi and the victims screamed and yelled, he kept driving, he did not turn back, he ignored the victims. His ignorance scared the victim. No matter what the victim did, he kept driving without feeling bothered. </span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"></span>Some exceptions happened to Richard when he came to his last victim, <span class="SpellE">Linc</span>. Since Richard had<br />known <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> very well and <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> was the reason why he did all the murders, Richard did something that he had not done to other victims. When he wanted to kill <span class="SpellE">Linc</span>, Richard was talking much. He tended to get closer to <span class="SpellE">Linc</span>.<br />Usually he rarely moved, but in front of his last victim, he often moved. He used to be very calm but in this case, he was careless and did everything in a hurry. He did many mistakes that he couldn’t succeed in killing Lincoln.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="font-size:0;">Ø<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:';">Proximity<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"></span>The murderer always took a distance with his victims. After he handcuffed the victim, he stayed away from her/him. He approached the victim, touched her/his body only it he wanted to hurt her/him, like cutting the victim’s body with knives. After that, he moved away. When he came to his victim, he walked slowly, steadily, with heavy step.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="font-size:0;">Ø<span style="font-family:';font-size:7;"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family:';">Facial Expression<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"></span>Fortunately, we can see the bad guy’s facial expression in the last part of the film. He smiled with sly face. His eyebrows went down near his eyes and he stared at <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> sharply with anger. When <span class="SpellE">Linc</span> could make him injured, his face showed pain. However, the more pain he felt, the more angry he got. He was shaking when he expressed these two feelings, pain, and anger.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';"><span style="font-size:0;"></span>So, it can be seen that people’s kinesics can reveal many things, their characteristics, feelings, intention, and so on. Just like in the movie, the characters do not show that they’re the good guys or the bad guys merely through their speech or the style, but also their kinesics. In real life, other people can also see who we really are from the combination of what we say, how we say it, and what kinesics we made.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /></div>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1161154901561650872006-10-18T13:59:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:33:52.668+07:00STYLE OF SPEECH<div class="Section1"><i><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sociolinguistics</span> </i><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></span><br /><br /></div><p class="MsoTitle" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="Section1" align="center"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%">STYLE OF SPEECH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1" align="center"><br /><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%">Speech, like dress, can have different styles depending on the situation. Style itself refers to the selection of linguistic forms to convey social or artistic effects. It forms a communication system in its own right, one that determines how a social interaction will proceed, or if it will proceed at all. If it is to continue, style tells how, whether formally or informally. It may also tell listeners how to take what is being said: seriously, ironically, humorously, or in some other way. <o:p></o:p></p><div class="Section1">Style uses all the resources of language: tone of voice, different ways of pronouncing sounds, even choice of words and grammar themselves. When the style of an utterance contradicts the meaning of the words and grammar, the style <span class="GramE">is</span> often believed. This is because style tells us how to interpret a message. The followings are<br />some samples –taken from my personal experiences and the people in my<br />surroundings’— of style vs. words, choice of words, and tone of voice. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"><br /><br /></div><h1 class="Section1" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-size:100%;">A. Style vs. words</span></h1><div class="Section1">1. I always find difficulties of getting up in the morning especially in this fasting month. One morning, when it’s only 15 more minutes left before “<span class="SpellE">Imsak</span>”, I was still on my bed, very hesitate to get up. Then, my mother came to my room, and said, “<span class="SpellE">Terusno</span> <span class="SpellE">turumu</span> <span class="SpellE">nak</span>, <span class="SpellE">enak-enakno</span>, <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">sek</span></span> <span class="SpellE">esuk</span> <span class="SpellE">kok</span>.” What happened next was that I got off my bed with my eyes still closed.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"><br />2. One day, my sister and I went to our auntie’s. <span class="GramE">we</span> were there for along time until there was a call from my mother. She said, “<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:state><st1:place><span class="SpellE">Wis</span></st1:place></st1:state> <span class="SpellE">nak</span>, <span class="SpellE">ojok</span> <span class="SpellE">moleh</span>, <span class="SpellE">nginepo</span> <span class="SpellE">kono</span> <span class="SpellE">ae</span> <span class="SpellE">mesisan</span>.”</div><div class="Section1"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1">3. When we came to somebody’s house as a guest, we sometimes said, “<span class="SpellE">Gak</span> <span class="SpellE">usah</span> <span class="SpellE">ngombe</span> <st1:state><st1:place><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">wis</span></span></st1:place></st1:state>, <span class="SpellE">gak</span> <span class="SpellE">perlu</span> repot-repot.” Still, the host or the hostess would give us something to drink. I myself preferred trusting in words, so when I was asked not to make drinks, I wouldn’t, though the style showed the opposite. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"><br /><br /></div><h1 class="Section1" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-size:100%;">B. Tone of voice</span></h1><div class="Section1">1. A very old friend of mine called me one day. I was happy and surprised to receive the call because it’s been a long time. <span class="GramE">so</span> I said to him, “Hey, <span class="SpellE">yok</span> <span class="SpellE">opo</span> <span class="SpellE">kabare</span>, <span class="SpellE">rek</span>?”<br />enthusiastically. After a few days, he called me again very early in the morning. I was thinking that there’s something wrong and I asked him, “<span class="SpellE">Onok</span> <span class="SpellE">opo</span>?” with a rising tone. </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">Apparently, he wanted to tell me that our friend’s mother was dead. In the other day, he called me when I was trying hard to sleep, which made me in a bad mood. After I knew that it was he who called, I just said flatly, “Oh <span class="SpellE">yo</span>, <span class="SpellE">onok</span> <span class="SpellE">opo</span><span class="GramE">?.</span> After that call, he never called me anymore. It is very probable that he felt <span class="SpellE">offensed</span> by my very lazy<br />response.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">2. Many people made phone calls to my house the day my uncle died. I was the only person in the house, so I had to receive all the calls, which asked the same things, whether my uncle was really dead, and when he would be buried. Then, there’s one call asking similar information, “Pak H. <span class="SpellE">Faroid</span> <span class="SpellE">meninggal</span> <span class="SpellE">ya</span>?” I answered in usual tone, “<span class="SpellE">Ya</span>, <span class="SpellE">betul</span>.” Then he said, “<span class="SpellE">Kapan</span> <span class="SpellE">dimakamkannya</span>? <span class="SpellE">Ini</span> <span class="SpellE">dari</span> <span class="SpellE">Ustadz</span> Ali.” Apparently, the caller was a very respectable person in my hometown. Thus, I changed my voice tone and my style of speech also changed drastically. I tried to be as polite as possible when speaking and I even nodded my head during my speech to show my respect, though he wouldn’t see my action.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">3. One day, my friends and I met our lecturer who’s got his hand injured. Then another friend passed by and just said to him, “what’s the matter with you?” The<br />message seemed to be the same as the words “What’s got into you, do you have a<br />problem with me?” Of course, this was not what she intended to say, however, her tone, and perhaps, her choice of words made her speech sound like that. Fortunately, my lecturer seemed not to feel anything and just made a big smile.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"><br />4. Before the Extensive Reading class, some of us had a chat together outside. Then one of us asked the other one, “<span class="SpellE">Hei</span>, <span class="SpellE">koen</span> <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">kate</span></span> public presentation <span class="SpellE">opo</span> private?” she answered, “<span class="SpellE">Sak</span> <span class="SpellE">karepku</span> <span class="SpellE">tah</span>.” The tone told us that she said that as <span class="SpellE">humour</span>, so we laughed at that time. However, when she asked a question, we felt that we had a chance to take revenge, so we responded the same way as she did before, and we laughed together.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"><br /><br /></div><h1 class="Section1" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-size:100%;">C. Choice of words</span></h1><div class="Section1">1. One day, I got on a “<span class="SpellE">mikrolet</span>”, and when trying to find a seat, I stepped on somebody’s feet. I spontaneously yelled, “Eh, sorry, sorry Pak!” I was right that he was a man, but he was already old. I realized that I had just used the wrong choice of word, and he justified my thought by looking at me unpleasantly.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"><br />2. My father got a letter one day, from a store in <st1:city><st1:place><span class="SpellE">Malang</span></st1:place></st1:city> saying that he could get an interesting prize without having to buy anything before. It’s due to the store’s anniversary or something, I forget what it was. Since we often got such kinds of letters, I tried to call the store first. I asked whether the content of the letter was<br />true or not. I also mentioned the name of the event in English as written in the envelope. Actually, there’s also the Indonesian version, but I meant to say it in English to make me sound more sophisticated. It seemed that it worked, since the receiver then gave a long explanation of the procedure and the conditions to get the prizes, which make me and my father more convinced of not going to the store.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"><br />3. When I was gathering with my family, somebody knocked at my door. My mother, who’s apparently totally convinced that it was my father, said, “<span class="SpellE">Opo</span> <span class="SpellE">ae</span> Pak, <span class="SpellE">katek</span> <span class="SpellE">tok</span> <span class="SpellE">tok</span> <span class="SpellE">barang</span>, <span class="SpellE">wong</span> <span class="SpellE">nggowo</span> <span class="SpellE">kunci</span> <span class="SpellE">ngono</span>.” There’s no answer, but then we heard an unfamiliar voice saying, “<span class="SpellE">Assalamu’alaikum</span>.<span class="GramE">”,</span> which was surely not my father’s. My mother and my sisters suddenly ran away leaving me alone in the living room. I opened the door and there was a face of a stranger in front of me. Obviously, my mother had used wrong choice of words, though not intentionally.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">4. I often greet my friends using different words based on the degree of the friendship. I greet some of them by calling their names. That is usual. When I met some others, I may say, “<span class="SpellE">Lapo</span> <span class="SpellE">koen</span>?” Still to some others, I greet them by saying,<br />“<span class="SpellE">Hei</span>, <span class="SpellE">tuyul</span> <span class="SpellE">dan</span> <span class="SpellE">mbak</span> <span class="SpellE">yul</span>, <span class="SpellE">nang</span> <span class="SpellE">endi</span>?<span class="GramE">”.</span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"><br /><br /></div><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%">So it is clear that style can indicate many things through its features. By using different tone and different words, we can show our moods, our feelings, our social status and educational level, etc, to our conversational partners. We can also reveal our consideration about someone, whether or not we consider him/her our close person, and what kind of interaction we want to have with him/ her. Style can suggest what’s really inside us despite the words we use to cover it. So, be careful, if you want to lie, make sure that your style of speech will not disclose it. <o:p></o:p></p>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1161063456200358782006-10-17T12:08:00.002+07:002010-02-24T12:34:18.226+07:00Socio Linguistic<p class="MsoTitle" align="center">CHAPTER I</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">RESEARCH<br />BACKGROUND</span></b><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></span></b><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Indonesia</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> is a land of exotic surprises, featuring the rich culture and arts of its people amidst the sandy beaches and cool mountains. It comprises about 13.700 islands, the principal ones being Java, </span><st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Sumatra</span></st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">, </span><st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Kalimantan</span></st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">, </span><st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Sulawesi</span></st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">, and Irian Jaya. </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Indonesia</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> has a population of over 170 million and it is a mosaic of many different ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural groups and<br />some 250 spoken languages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">In east Java, one can find that every city speak their languages that may have varieties, dialects and various language styles. Although Javanese speak Java to communicate in particular places and situations they prefer to speak their own regional language to their speech community <span class="GramE">who</span><br />are from the same region. They usually try to create their own language style so that they can easily communicate with their speech community.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">One of the cities in Java that the speech community creates a new term in the Javanese language is </span><st1:place><st1:placename><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Lawang</span></st1:placename><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> </span><st1:placetype><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">City</span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">. Lawang is a small city, which is located on the north part of </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Malang</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> regency. It is also the border of </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Malang</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> and Pasuruan. Lawang is a place where we can find both the country atmosphere, and the busy life of town. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Lawang’s speech community usually has their language style for communicating each other. As a Javanese who lives in Lawang and uses to speak Javanese with her family, the writer was interested to observe the phenomena of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">the addition of PE in the Javanese language as the language style of Lawang’s speech community” </i>by doing a research that might be important to contribute to sociolinguistic science.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> </i>The writer also involves her self in doing the research. Although she speaks Javanese in her daily activities but she used to add her sentence with a particular term that have been understood by her speech community. The writer her self prefer to use the addition of Javanese language to speak without any addition at all because several factors; mood, solidarity, situation, topic of the speech, occasion, and habit. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><br /></span>There are three reasons which make the writer interested to observe <span class="GramE">this phenomena</span>;<?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">v<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">It is unique</span></i></b></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">During the research, the writer found that the particular term of “PE”used for Lawang’s speech community only. So far, the writer also tries to introduce this term to <span class="GramE">another friends</span> from the different cities but they never heard this before. It does not like the language style of </span><st1:city><st1:place><span class="GramE"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">malang</span></span></st1:place></st1:city><span class="GramE"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">’s</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> speech community that we called it “walikan.” Not just the people who come from </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Malang</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> that can understand the meaning but also another persons from another cities can understand it. In contrast to “walikan style” that have been known by public, the language style of Lawang’s speech community is unique.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">v<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">It is easy</span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The addition of “PE” makes thespeaker easier to communicate each other. It does not need other particular terms. <span class="GramE">Just giving the addition of ‘PE” before the Javanese language and making some reductions of words if it is necessary.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="Section1"><br /><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">v<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">It is understandable</span></i></b></div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">By using this style there is no special changing in the Javanese language so that the language is understandable for communicating in Lawang’s speech community. <span class="GramE">One who concern with the languages used by this style will understand it well although he never learns it before.</span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><br /></span><span class="GramE">Based on the reasons above the writer interested to make a research about “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">THE ADDITION OF ‘PE’ IN THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE AS THE LANGUAGE STYLE OF LAWANG’S SPEECH COMMUNITY.”</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1" align="center"><br />CHAPTER II</div><div class="Section1" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">METHODOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">v<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Research Design<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">The study was a qualitative research, which described the phenomena in language style; this study did not need measurement or statistical data. The observations were merely based on the natural conversation of the writer her self with some of the writer’s neighbors, family, friends, relatives and other respondents that all of whom speak the Javanese and were assumed to use the language style by adding the particular term known as “PE” in their speeches.</div><div class="Section1"><br /><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">During the observation activities, the writer was involving her self to have conversations with the entire respondents that have been mentioned above by using the addition of “PE” in Javanese language. <span class="GramE">So that the writer will get the real data from the natural occasion.</span> The writer didn’t choose a particular topic for the conversation but she tried to have free topics based on the daily activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><br /><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">v<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Data and Source of the Data<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><br /></span>The data used in this research was oral data, which were taken from the natural oral conversations from the entire respondent. This study was conducted to find out several things as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Why <span class="GramE">do the Lawang’s speech community</span> prefer to use their<br />language style with any additions to speak with the pure Javanese language?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">When do they use a particular language style?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">What is the pattern used in Language style of Lawang’s speech community?</span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span> </div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"></span></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">v<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Research Instrument<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The instrument that is use in this research is the human instrument. <span class="GramE">The writer her self<br />that has the important role to make the research.</span> In order to get the accurate data; the writer makes list of several points such as; the name of respondent with their social background, age, level of education, and their occupations. It also includes the date when the data taken, the occasion of when the conversation happens, the analyzing item, and the writing instrument.<br />To get the data the writer involves her self to make some conversations with the entire respondent because she also uses the same language style as her speech community in her daily activities.</span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"></span> </div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span> </div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"></span></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">v<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Data Collection<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="Section1"><br /><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">After having some conversations and wrote some points from the entire respondents, then she collected all the forms to be analyzed. Based on the data, she would describe the phenomena of language style of lawang’s speech community that were adjusted on several factors: mood, solidarity, situation, occasion, politeness, and habit.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="Section1" align="center"><br />CHAPTER III</div><div class="Section1" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">ANALYSIS OF DATA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="Section1"><br /><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">From Appendix 1<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="Section1"><br />In this discourse, the writer has a simple conversation with her mother about the scholarship. She tells her mother that she got the scholarship from the university. The writer does not use the pure Javanese language but she prefers to use the addition of “Pe” in her utterances. <span class="GramE">Knowing that her mother also uses the same language style so that the writer does not change<br />her language style.</span> Another consideration that influences the writer is the topic of conversation, which is quite dangerous to be known by public instead of these days.</div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"></span></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">From Appendix 2<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The phenomena occurred in this discourse that the writer also uses the same language style with her friend in the same level. The usages of the “PE” addition in this case show that both the writer and her friend have known each other well. They like to use this style because of the<br />topic is secret thing so that it would not been known by other person who never knows this pattern. This style also makes the speakers feel comfortable during the conversation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><br /><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">From Appendix 3<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The language style in the utterances occurred because both the speakers want to make a joke after finishing the praying. Hopefully by using the language style, other listeners also give the contribution to the conversation.</span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span> </div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"></span></span></span></div><div class="Section1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">From Appendix 4<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="Section1">In this discourse, there was the addition of “PE” as the language style. The speaker uses it because the conversation takes place in the market, which it visited by many people from other cities. There are consideration that force the speaker use this style rather than use the common Javanese language; the <span class="GramE">seller always give</span> a discount when the speaker buy meat. If the speaker use common Javanese language it would been known by other buyers.</div><div class="Section1"><br /><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">From Appendix 5<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The phenomena occurred in the utterances because the speaker has the conversation with her little sister. The usage of the language style will add the familiarity between them. The sister does not have to worry to use this style because the impolite language. The language it self used by many people with various occupations and the different level of education and age.</span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span> </div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"></span></span></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></div><div class="Section1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">From Appendix 6<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="Section1">In this case, the speaker use the language style in her conversation with her aunt because consideration of the aunt mood. Moreover, it is the tool to motivate the speaker to show her feeling of “tiring”. The language is informal based on conversation. It is common thing to use this language style.</div><div class="Section1"><br /><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">From Appendix 7<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The speaker prefer to use this language style than to use the common javanese language because she wants to give the person from the different level a self confident to have the conversation with one who comes from higher position. It will avoid the difference between the servant and her boss in using the same language style. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1" align="center"><br /><strong>THE APPENDIXES</strong></div><div class="Section1"><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Appendix 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="Section1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">(Conversation between the writer and her mother about the scholarship)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="Section1"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV">Writer (A)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: Bu, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-ak pe-en</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-du</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV">Mother (B) :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-kap</i>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span class="GramE">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">-<span class="SpellE">mang</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>pe-es</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span class="GramE">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">-<span class="SpellE">ak</span></i> yo?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-ak</i> bu, telungatus ewu</span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span> </div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"></span></span></div><div class="Section1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Appendix 2</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">(Conversation between the writer and her friend about the ceremony)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="Section1">Friend (A<span class="GramE">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>:</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-lam</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-mar </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-wing pe-ram</i> yo?</div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Writer (B<span class="GramE">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>:</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-ram</i> nemen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-sop</i> <span class="GramE">sing</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-tek</i>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-kab<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-nggo pe-op</i>?</span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">B</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-ak<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Appendix 3</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><strong>(Conversation between the writer and her neighbor about the Tarawih activities)</strong></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Writer (A<span class="GramE">) :</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-mang <span class="SpellE">pe-ak</span></i> sing <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">-sol</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Neigh (B<span class="GramE">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>:</span> Iyo, la <span class="SpellE">isih</span> <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">-an<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-<span class="SpellE">im</span></i> e yo <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-en<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>; <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">-en <span class="SpellE">pe-nang</span> <span class="SpellE">pe-mas</span><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Appendix 4</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">(Conversation between the writer and the seller of meat about the price of meat)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="Section1"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD">Writer</span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD"> (A<span class="GramE">) :</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-<span class="SpellE">pir</span></i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-<span class="SpellE">dag</span></i> e?</span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Seller (B<span class="GramE">) :</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Sing <span class="SpellE">pe-ap</span></i> <span class="SpellE">yo</span> <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-lar</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">-on</i> sing <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-mur</i></span> <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">lan</span></span> <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-ap</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <span class="SpellE">Yo</span>, <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-gak</i></span> <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">-on</i></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></i></span> </div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"></span></span></div><div class="Section1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Appendix 5</span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="Section1"><strong>(Conversation between the writer and her little sister about going out)</strong></div><div class="Section1"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV">Sister (A) : Mbak hanik, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-kap</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-met?<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Writer (B): <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-tuk</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> <span class="SpellE">pe</span>-op<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-san<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><br /></span></i></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: Yo, <span class="SpellE">sore</span> <span class="SpellE">ae</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"></span></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"></span></span></span> </div><div class="Section1"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Appendix 6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="Section1"><strong>(Conversation between the writer and her aunt about her activity)</strong></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Writer (A<span class="GramE">) :</span> <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-gak</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> <span class="SpellE">pe-dol</span><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Aunt (B)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-ak</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> <span class="SpellE">pe-kes</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-<span class="SpellE">tup</span></i> yo<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">B </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-<span class="SpellE">men</span> pe-<span class="SpellE">buk</span><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><br /><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-USfont-family:Wingdings; mso-fareast-: outlinefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore"><span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><br /></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> Appendix 7<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div><div class="Section1"><strong>(Conversation between the writer and her aunt’s servant)</strong></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Writer (A<span class="GramE">) :</span> <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-gak</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> <span class="SpellE">pe</span>-um <span class="SpellE">pe</span>-um</i> a?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Servant (B): <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-dur</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-ak</i></span> a<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pe-gak</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">, <span class="SpellE">pe</span>-tip </i>a?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><br /></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>: <span class="SpellE">Wah</span>, <span class="SpellE">kok</span> <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe-nger</i></span> <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">pe</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">-is <span class="SpellE">pe-ak</span><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="Section1" align="center"><br />CHAPTER IV</div><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><div class="Section1" align="center"></span><strong>CONCLUSION</strong></div><div class="Section1"><br /><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Lawang’s</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> speech community has <span class="GramE">their own</span> language style to communicate.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The language style used in Lawang has been known by adding a particular term called “PE.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The speech community prefers to use the Javanese language with the addition to speak the </span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> pure Javanese language without any addition<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Some factors that influence people to use the language style are mood, solidarity, <span class="GramE">situation,</span> </span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> topic of speech, occasion, politeness, and habits.</span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The Lawang’s speech communities speak their own Javanese language to their speech </span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> community <span class="GramE">who</span> are from the same region.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The pattern that used in Lawang’s language style is “PE”+ Javanese language (whether the </span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> prefix only or the suffix)</span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The addition of “PE” in Javanese language Has been used by lawang’s speech community from</span></div><div class="Section1"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> the different age, occupations, and social background<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1"><br /><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: list 0cm"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="Section1"><br /></div>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1161061645472969882006-10-17T12:03:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:34:36.903+07:00Undergraduate Education<p class="MsoTitle" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%" align="center">CHAPTER I</p><div class="Section1" align="center"><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong></div><div class="Section1" align="left"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal"></span></div><div class="Section1" align="left"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">People need many things in their lives. Food, clothing, and housing are the three primary needs.<br />However, as time goes by and information and technology have developed rapidly, people realize that besides those things, what they really need is education. Likewise, to cope with this IT era, it is imperative that they get not only primary and secondary education but also higher education. As a result, universities are being an important part of people’s lives. In </span><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">Indonesia</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">, more students enroll universities and most jobs now require at least an S1 graduate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Facts show that qualified university graduates give a great contribution to their family, society, and their country. Nevertheless, that kind of outcome is not easily produced with only the feeling of need and the willingness of education. They <span class="GramE">should</span> be accompanied by a good system and capable human resources.</span></div><div class="Section1" align="left"> </div><div class="Section1" align="left"></div><div class="Section1" align="left"></div><div class="Section1" align="left"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">That is why, in most countries, including </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">Indonesia</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">, the governments and the communities pay much attention on the aspect of education. They try to apply a system, which they think is likely to create competent graduates. Yet, as usual, the practice is not so easy. Every system in every country has weaknesses and there is certainly a need to learn from each other. Higher education in </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">Indonesia</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">, for example, lacks in the facilities and personnels’ quality. To cover or to reduce the weaknesses, it is necessary that the Indonesian </span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">government, educational communities, and the students themselves learn from other countries which have better system. And it’s not only the system but also other things more related to culture, especially the students’ attitude and the relationship between teachers and students and among the students. The latter two subjects will be useful to broaden knowledge, to learn the ropes abroad, as well as to get adapted more easily with foreign people. This goes particularly to the Indonesians who want to study or work overseas in the field of education. </span></div><div class="Section1" align="left"> </div><div class="Section1" align="left"></div><div class="Section1" align="left"></div><div class="Section1" align="left"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">This paper will try to deal with the three points mentioned above in a form of comparison. Some limitations are made by the writer. First, the educational system compared to Indonesian’s will be the </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">United States</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">’. Why? Because the </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">U.S.</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal"> is a super power country of which higher education is very much developing and many of the Indonesian students, who study abroad, choose it as their destination country. Second, the educational level to be briefly analyzed is undergraduate education. This is due to the writer’s limited time and energy<br />and also because the writer’s background knowledge concerns mostly with that level. The objective of this paper is to describe the similarities and differences of the Indonesian and the U.S. undergraduate education, so that the readers can broaden their cross cultural understanding and can make use of it at least for themselves and hopefully, for the others. <?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Section1" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"></b> </div><div class="Section1" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"></b> </div><div class="Section1" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">CHAPTER II<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="Section1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">A.<span style="FONT: 100% 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">SYSTEM</b></div><div class="Section1"><strong></strong> </div><div class="Section1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="Section1">a. DEFINITION</div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">In <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region>, there are three conditions for an institution to be called a university. First, it offers graduate degrees, at least an M.A. or M. Sc., but probably the Ph. D. Second, <span class="GramE">its faculty (teaching members of the staff) are</span> expected to do research and to publish. Third, it has more than one undergraduate program. In <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, a university is an institution headed by a rector and has at least three faculties.</div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">An undergraduate program in <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region> is a two-year associate program or a four or five year bachelor’s degree program. It leads to an Associate degree or a bachelor’s <span class="GramE">degree, that</span> is B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) and B. Sc. (Bachelor of Science). Undergraduate students in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> receive a degree called “<span class="SpellE">Sarjana</span>” (S1). It now requires a minimum of four years of study in most disciplines although the period taken to complete the requirements is generally longer than this. S1 degrees in medicine, pharmacy, dentistry and veterinary science all require a minimum of four-and-a-half years of full-time study followed by a one-year internship or other practical training. There are many terms for the degrees awarded, such as the <span class="SpellE">Sarjana</span> in agriculture (<span class="SpellE">Sarjana</span> <span class="SpellE">Pertanian</span>, S.P), arts and letters (<span class="SpellE">Sarjana</span> <span class="SpellE">Sastra</span>, S.S), engineering (<span class="SpellE">Sarjana</span> <span class="SpellE">Teknik</span>, S.T), law, (<span class="SpellE">Sarjana</span> <span class="SpellE">Hukum</span>, abbreviated as S.H), mathematics and natural sciences (<span class="SpellE">Sarjana</span> <span class="SpellE">Matematika</span> <span class="SpellE">dan</span> <span class="SpellE">Ilmu</span> <span class="SpellE">Pengetahuan</span> <span class="SpellE">Alam</span>, <span class="SpellE">S.Si</span>), and psychology (<span class="SpellE">Sarjana</span> <span class="SpellE">Psikologi</span>, <span class="SpellE">S.Psi</span>). Nevertheless, <span class="SpellE">Sarjana</span> in Education receive the same degree (<span class="SpellE">Sarjana</span> <span class="SpellE">Pendidikan</span>, S. Pd.) although their majors are different.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"><br /></div><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="Section1">b. ADMISSION<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1">A student’s enrollment to an undergraduate program in <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region> is based on a combination of students' high school grade point average, letters of recommendation, and college entrance examination scores. There are some tests which are required by most colleges and universities for admission, that is ACT (American College Testing Program Assessment) and SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) which tests both verbal and mathematical abilities with the range of scores from 200 up to 800. The criteria will be stricter in the elite universities like Harvard, Stanford, and Yale. However, there are also some community colleges which set a very low standard of admission that any high school graduates who can pay a small fee can enroll to them. Placed in the middle are many universities, which are neither elite nor poor, such as <st1:place><st1:placename>Michigan</st1:placename> <st1:placetype>State</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype>University</st1:placetype></st1:place> and <st1:place><st1:placename>Ohio</st1:placename> <st1:placetype>State</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype>University</st1:placetype></st1:place>.</div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1">In <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, since 1989 until now, state university students are taken from those who pass the <span class="SpellE">Ujian</span> <span class="SpellE">Masuk</span> <span class="SpellE">Perguruan</span> <span class="SpellE">Tinggi</span> <span class="SpellE">Negeri</span> (UMPTN) or Entrance Examination for State Higher Education Institutions, which is coordinated through three regional divisions governing entry to state universities. There are also entries from PMDK or others with similar system but different names. There is a wide variation between universities in the score required for admission, with the smaller, newer regional universities accepting students with less than half the score required by the older and more prestigious universities. Enrollment to private universities is dependent on each institution’s policy, through a test or not.</div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1">Unlike in <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region> where students can apply to many state universities without having to determine their major, Indonesian students are allowed to choose only three state universities in the UMPTN together with the departments they want to enroll. They are also required to rank their choices according to their priority and the universities’ prestige. </div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">c. THE STRUCTURE OF LEADERSHIP</div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">American undergraduate colleges, as well as Indonesian, are headed by deans who are helped by Department Heads. Yet, the deans in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> have also three assistant deans. Below them is the faculty, a term with different meaning in the two countries. In <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region>, it means people who teach at the university, the professors or teachers. In <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, however, it is used as the tem for an administrative unit responsible for instruction in one branch of learning, such as Faculty of Letters and Faculty of Economy.</div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">The university teachers in <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region> have various titles. Some of them are professor, the permanent teachers; instructor, a beginning temporary, or part-time teacher; adjunct faculty, member of one department brought into another department to teach a needed course; graduate assistants, the universities’ graduate students who’re paid for teaching and research activity for a number of hours a week; teaching assistants (TA), simultaneously classroom students, teachers, and scholars-in-training; and so on. Some of them like the professor, adjunct faculty, and TA can often be found in Indonesian universities, yet the titles generally just vary between “<span class="SpellE">Dosen</span>” (Lecturer) and Lecturer Assistant. In <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region> itself, lecturer is an uncommon rank. </div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1">American universities apply a tenure system, a system to determine whether a young faculty member would be given a permanent membership in the university’s faculty. It is based on the teaching performance, publications, and six or seven years in service. The fulfillment of the criteria would lead the young member to be an associate professor. He will need five years more and further publication to be awarded a rank of<br />professor.</div><div class="Section1"><br />d. SOURCES OF INCOME</div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">The support for U.S. higher education has assumed the following proportions: 50 % private sources: endowment (large gifts of money/ land/ commodities), alumni and corporate giving, grants, auxiliary services (lodgings, bookstores, parking lots, athletic events); 30 % state and local support; 20 % federal funds. At publicly supported universities, state residents pay a relatively low tuition whereas non-residents including foreign students pay considerably more. Private universities take more tuition. Additionally, students have to pay fees for many kinds of special services, such as admission fees, late registration fees, and gymnasium fees. </div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">In <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, public universities are primarily funded from the Government's routine and development budgets. Fees and other student contributions have traditionally been a smaller proportion of the total budget in state institutions of higher education than at secondary level. In recent years, universities have been given more autonomy in this respect, and the level of fees has risen. Private universities are heavily dependent on tuition fees and other student contributions, such as examination fees and contributions to building funds. At state universities, there’s no different tuition for residents and non-residents, except perhaps, for foreign students.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="Section1">e. STUDENT SERVICES </div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">To help students to deal with academic problems and to complete their studies satisfactorily, both American and Indonesian universities provide their students with some services and facilities. Academic advising is the very common service students get which assist them in planning an educational program, with emphasis on meeting requirements for degree completion. About facilities, the most common ones are the library and laboratory. Different with American libraries, the Indonesian libraries provide a high proportion of foreign language books. A number of American universities have museum, theater, publisher’s press, <span class="GramE">gymnasium</span>, buildings for athletic events, bookstores, and dormitories. At large state universities, there is usually an agricultural operation – a cornfield or pens for farm animals. A very big American university might also have its own bus system. Those facilities are not easily found in Indonesian universities, except in small number of big and prestigious universities.</div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">f. ACADEMIC YEAR</div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">The duration of academic year in <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region> is usually nine months, which is divided into either two terms (semesters), three terms (trimesters), or four terms (quarters). Schools on semesters and trimesters usually offer optional summer terms for students who want to complete their programs more quickly. In <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, the academic year usually consists of semesters except for very few special programs. There is also a term called “Semester <span class="SpellE">Pendek</span>” or short term that is used to earn more credits or improve grades.</div><div class="Section1"> </div><div class="Section1"></div><div class="Section1">Similar with <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, each term of the semesters in <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region> take 15-16 weeks time, the first begins in early September and ends in December, whereas the second is from January to May. The difference is just that Americans call them fall and spring semesters and Indonesians use the term odd and even semesters. The summer term in <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region> and the short term in I<st1:country-region><st1:place>ndonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> both are usually done from June to August.</div><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left">g. CURRICULA, COURSES, AND CREDITS</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left">The university curricula in <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region> are arranged in a way that can satisfy the needs of the states where it is located. Almost every course learns things related with the actual condition in <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region>. The curricula give students increasing choice in course selection. The courses might worth 1, 2, or 3 credits depending on the particular course, the time spent in class, or the difficulty of the subject. One credit hour is duration of 50 minutes. Besides the required courses, there are also elective courses, courses chosen by the students for personal interest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>The system is not really different with <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> since it also takes the <st1:country-region><st1:place>U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> model although it’s not standardized for all universities. Nevertheless, as one of the three purposes of universities in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> is social service (the other two are education and research), some institutions require students to <span class="SpellE">fulfil</span> a community service requirement during their third and fourth years, generally as part of projects to aid village development.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span class="GramE">h</span>. MAJOR, MINOR, AND GENERAL EDUCATION</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>The term major in <st1:country-region><st1:place>America </st1:place></st1:country-region>and <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> refers to the subject in which the students specialize and, usually, the area in which they plan their careers. At most universities in Indonesia, students have chosen their major before they enroll to the universities and begin the study of the subject from the beginning of their university studies, although a small number of specialized institutions (such as the <span class="SpellE">Bogor</span> Institute of Technology) have a common first year taken by most students. </p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left">On the other hand, in the <st1:country-region><st1:place>U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region>, most students have not determined their major and most state universities require their students to take classes in a range of fields in the first two years of their studies. The students are also expected to acquire knowledge in the prerequisites of a future major field of study. In this time, they are exploring what subjects they like and don't <span class="GramE">like,</span> what subjects they are good at and vice versa. They are permitted to enter a major in their third year at the university. They may select their major from a huge number of different programs. Under university rules, they may repeatedly change their ideas about which particular field they wish to pursue.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>Unlike Indonesian, the American students have the term minor to call the subjects they study at less concentrated level in order to round out an education. But in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, there are basic courses, such as the Educational courses which are required to take by students who want to become teachers. Still, there is another similarity between <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> is the General Education. It is courses which are compulsory for all students. Some examples in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> would be the courses of religion, national history and <span class="SpellE">Pancasila</span>, and the Indonesian national deology.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span class="SpellE">i</span>. GRADING</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left">Most school/collegesin America use the following grading system:</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left"><span style="font-family:times new roman;">A = Excelent </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:times new roman;">B = Above average</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">C = Average</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">D = passing but bellow average </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">F = Failure - no credit</p><div class="Section1">The grades have equivalent numeric values used in computing the grade point average (GPA): A (4.0); A- (3.7); B+ (3.3); B- (2.7), C+ (2.3); C (2.0); C- (1.7); D+ (1.3); D (1.0); D- (0.7); F (no quality points). The cumulative average (cum) is calculated by adding the numeric values of each grade and dividing by the number of courses taken. </div><p class="MsoBodyText2" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>Not really different, <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> also uses the letter grading system: </p><p class="MsoBodyText2" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">A = Excellent </p><p class="MsoBodyText2" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">B = Good </p><p class="MsoBodyText2" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">C = Fair </p><p class="MsoBodyText2" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">D = Inadequate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></p><p class="MsoBodyText2" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">E = Fail </p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left">The scale is from 0 to 4, where students have to repeat taking the subjects in which they get D or E. The repetition, however, has no influence on the students’ transcript except that the student needs longer time to finish his study. The Grade Point Average (GPA) is calculated based on a student's overall academic performance during a program. To calculate the overall GPA, the grade obtained in each course (between 0 and 4) is multiplied by the number of credit hours allocated to the course; these numbers are added together and then divided by the total number of credit hours required for the degree. </p><div class="Section1">Unlike in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, there is a grade called an incomplete (IN) in <st1:country-region><st1:place>America</st1:place></st1:country-region> that is given by a professor to a student who can complete the course requirements or does not attend the final exam for a justifiable reason. Generally, an "IN" which is not removed in the first eight weeks of the following semester becomes an "F". There is also an opportunity to the American students to choose the Pass/Fail or credit/unsatisfactory option for some courses to avoid a fall in their GPA. Credit is awarded for a passing grade or denied for a failing grade.</div><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left">J. Graduation</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left">In Indonesia, under the credit system, a minimum of between 144 and 160 credits point must be gained over a minimum of four years of full-time study for the completion of the first degree, the Sarjana (S1). In the medical profession, such as medecine, dentistry and veterinary medecine, where a minimum of four-and-a-half years of full-timestudy is required, the number of credit points needed is between 150 and 160, with a further36 to 40 allocated for completion of the intership orother practical training. In America, the general requirement to be awarded a bechelor degree would be 120 semester credit. The minimum GPA would be 2.0.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left">The students' transcript in America include everything by which Americans measure students' academic performance and ability: all courses and grades, award and honors, and cooperative work experiences.In Indonesia,it generally states only the courses and grades, and the cumulative GPA.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align="left">Thera are two types of Sarjana (S1) in Indonesia, either those who write a thesis (skripsi) or those who do not. The student form the second kind are ussually required to sit for a comprehensive examination. On the contrary, the American undergraduate students are not required to write thesis, take comprehensive exams, or to answer hard questions from a committee. The graduates in America and Indonesia hold a bachelor degree with different titles as it's been mentioned in point (a).</p><div class="Section1"><br /><br /></div><p class="MsoTitle" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><o:p></o:p></span></p>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1159169312739118352006-09-25T14:22:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:34:52.025+07:00Error Analysis<div class="Section1"><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">ERROR ANALYSIS</b><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Find the errors in these sentences and correct them. </i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></b></p><ol style="MARGIN-TOP: 0cm" type="1"><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">That book contain many different kind of story and article.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">There is a lot of difference between <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:country-region><st1:place>United States</st1:place></st1:country-region> and my country.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">The English is one of the most important language in the world.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">She is always willing to help her friends in every possible ways.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">I don’t have enough time to make all of my homeworks.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">He succeeded in creating one of the best army in the world.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">There are many equipments in the research laboratory, but undergraduates are not allowed to use them.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">All of the guest enjoyed themselves at the reception.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">I have a five years old daughter and a three years old son.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">I am not accustomed to a cold weather.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">Each states in the country have a different language.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">Most of people in my apartment building is friendly.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">A political leader should have the ability to adapt themselves to a changing world.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">In my opinion, a foreign student should live in a dormitory because they will meet many people and can practice their English every day. Also, if you live in a dormitory, your food is provided for you.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">When I lost my passport, I had to apply for the another one.</li><br /><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt">When I got to class, all of the others students were already in their seats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><o:p></o:p></li><br /></ol><br /><br /></div>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1158912571601196622006-09-22T15:03:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:35:04.471+07:00Speech<div class="Section1"><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%">-Opening</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%">Ladies and gentlemen,</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><br /></span>As we all know, today we’re in the era of globalization, which is indicated by trade liberalization, and the easiness of transportation, communication, and information. On one side, the modern phenomena certainly have been of great help in making our lives easier. However, on the other side, it also brings big threat on developing countries including <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Why? Because we cannot deny that the easiness in transportation, communication, and the dissemination of information has big influence on the spread of diseases, drugs and other addictive substances, free-sex behavior, and further unhealthy life style. What we should be more concerned about is that all those negative things are <span class="GramE">potentially</span> done by young people, the nation’s continuing generation. We can see nowadays, that consuming drugs and doing free sex are not strange things anymore for the youth in our country. When we look at globalization as one causing factor, we may have, for example, entertainment. Films and videos from abroad often show free-sex life among teenagers. TV serials like Baywatch or <st1:city><st1:place>Beverly Hills</st1:place></st1:city>, with handsome and beautiful stars can easily penetrate to teenagers’ mind. Consequently, they want to imitate the young stars’ life style. </p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%">The point is, ladies and gentlemen, youngsters need model figures, but unfortunately, the most widely publicized figures by the modern entertainment industry frequently demonstrate anti-social behavior, such as, drug and alcohol abuse, free sex, violence, and irresponsibility. What is even worse is that the swift flow of information is not balanced by adequate knowledge and understanding of the danger of the negative conduct. <span class="GramE">As it is disclosed by one research done by<br />doctors in </span><st1:city><st1:place><span class="GramE">Jakarta</span></st1:place></st1:city><span class="GramE"> that 10-12 % teenagers there have very minimum knowledge of sex.</span> It causes much misperception about sex among them and it pushes them to try things out. About drug abuse, a lot of adolescence <span class="GramE">think</span> that one little try won’t cause them anything. They don’t know that it may be the start of drug addiction.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p>Ladies and gentlemen,<br />There’s still one factor that much probably causes free sex among teenagers, that is, pornography. Today, even children can get access easily to pornography through magazines, newspapers, films, and VCDs that are sold freely, and also Internet. Whereas in fact, it’s obvious that pornography has the potential of negative effects, such as addiction, escalation, desensitization, and act-out. By having that potential, pornography is very related to free sex in early age, which in turn, causes teenage pregnancy, abortion, single parenthood, prostitution, and venereal diseases, and AIDS.<br />Ladies and gentlemen,<br />In summary, so many social problems happen today related to teenagers. Among them are free sex and drug abuse. Therefore, it is high time for everyone to do something about the matters. They cannot be solved or, at least, minimized without good cooperation between the government, parents, society, and teenagers themselves. We cannot avoid globalization but we certainly can fortify ourselves against its negative effects. Teenagers should know not only to what or to whom they say “No” but also how they say it. Parents should be on their sides when they need attention, guidance and advice. Social institutions can help teenagers by conducting social endurance programs, which may contain, for example, how to make decisions, determine personal targets, and handle pressure, communication skill, and other general social skills. Sex education should also be intensified, starting from the family environment to school and society. The danger of drug abuse should be regularly explained through various kinds of elucidation. About pornography, perhaps we can refer to the United States. There, if a region defines something as pornography, the material will receive firm action. Moreover, porn magazines are not sold in any place, buyers should show their ID cards, extreme violent materials and child pornography are forbidden at all costs and can only be obtained in dark market. Internet also has its own regulations. Law, especially that which is related to pornography, free sex and drug abuse, is to be upheld and it is mostly the government’s role to do that. And so, every possible attempt should be done to deal with the problems. After that, what’s left for us is to pray that the efforts will be successful and that the Indonesian young generation, my friends and I, can still be the nation’s hope that people can be proud of.<br />-Closing</o:p></p></div>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1158911682834343852006-09-22T14:46:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:35:22.126+07:00Exerc-gerund,adj clause<div class="Section1"><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Put the verb in the right form: -<span class="SpellE">ing</span> (doing), base form (do), or infinitive (to do).</b><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">Mr. Thomas doesn’t let anyone ………… (<span class="GramE">smoke</span>) in his office.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">I don’t know Jack, but I’d like ………. (<span class="GramE">meet</span>) him.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">Where would you advise me ………. (<span class="GramE">go</span>) for my vacation?<?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">I don’t advise ………. (<span class="GramE">eat</span> in that restaurant. The food’s awful.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">The film was very sad. It made me ………. (<span class="GramE">cry</span>).</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">Linda’s parents have always encouraged her ………. (<span class="GramE">study</span>) hard.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">We were kept at the police station for an hour and then allowed ………. (<span class="GramE">go</span>).</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">Everybody helped ………. (<span class="GramE">clean</span>) up after the party.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">A: You lent me some money a few months ago.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">B: Did I? <span class="GramE">that’s</span> strange. I don’t remember ………. (<span class="GramE">lend</span>) you any money.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">When you see him, remember ………. (<span class="GramE">give</span>) him my best regards, will you?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">Sue needed some money. She tried ………. (ask) Gerry, but he couldn’t help her.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">He tried ………. (<span class="GramE">reach</span>) the shelf, but he wasn’t tall enough.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">13.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">I asked them to be quiet, but they continued ………… (<span class="GramE">make</span>) a lot of noise.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">14.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">After a long time, we eventually succeeded ……………. (<span class="GramE">find</span>) an apartment. </span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">15.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">I’ve been thinking …………… (<span class="GramE">look</span>) a new job.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">16.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">His parents didn’t approve ….. <span class="GramE">his</span> ………. (<span class="GramE">stay</span>) out so late.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">17.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">I don’t feel ……………. (<span class="GramE">study</span>) today.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">18.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">The arrested man was suspected …………… (<span class="GramE">break</span>) into a house. </span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">19.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">The cold water didn’t stop her …………… (<span class="GramE">go</span>) for a swim.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">20.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">She apologized …………… (<span class="GramE">be</span>) so rude to me.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">21.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">We have decided ……………… (<span class="GramE">buy</span>) a new car because we can’t afford one.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">22.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">It’s a waste of money ………….. (<span class="GramE">smoke</span>).</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">23.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">I spent hours ……………. (<span class="GramE">try</span>) to repair the clock.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">24.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">There used to………. (<span class="GramE">be</span>) a café on this corner, but it was torn down.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">25.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">You’ll have to get used to ………….. (<span class="GramE">eat</span>) less if you want to lose weight.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">26.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">Listen! Can you hear a child …………… (<span class="GramE">cry</span>)?</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">27.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">Oh! I can feel something ……………… (<span class="GramE">crawl</span>) up my leg! It must be an insect.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">28.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';">We watched he two men ………. (<span class="GramE">open</span>) a window, and …………. (<span class="GramE">climb</span>) through it into the house.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">29.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Microsoft Sans Serif';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>We couldn’t find Tom at first. Finally we found him …………. (<span class="GramE">cry</span>) in the garden.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 9pt"><span style="font-family:Bering;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 9pt"><span style="font-family:Bering;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 9pt"><span style="font-family:Bering;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Bering;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Bering;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Bering; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: EN-USfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:12;" ><br style="PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: always; mso-special-character: line-break" clear="all"><br /></span><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Bering;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><br /><table class="MsoTableGrid" style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><br /><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><br /><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 253.45pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="338"><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Bering;">Student A<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Monkey<br /><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:city><st1:place><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">ADA</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';"> Band</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="font-family:Bookman Old Style;">4.________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Café </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="font-family:Bookman Old Style;">6.________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><st1:time hour="0" minute="0"><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Midnight</span></st1:time></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="font-family:Bookman Old Style;"><st1:time hour="0" minute="0">8.</st1:time>________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Ambassador</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="font-family:Bookman Old Style;">10.________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">XXX</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="font-family:Bookman Old Style;">12.________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">13.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Hassan</span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';"> <span class="SpellE">Wirayuda</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="font-family:Bookman Old Style;">14.________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">15.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Brown</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="font-family:Bookman Old Style;">16.________________</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">17.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><st1:place><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Bali</span></st1:place></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="font-family:Bookman Old Style;"><st1:place>18.</st1:place>________________</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="font-family:Bookman Old Style;">19.Sponge Bob<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 35.7pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">20.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt"><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /></td><br /><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 253.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" valign="top" width="338"><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 16.55pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:Bering;">Student B<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="font-family:Bering;font-size:12;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="font-family:Bookman Old Style;">2. Zebra</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Black Eyed Peas<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Dome<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">February<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">9.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">10.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Diplomat<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">11.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">12.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Mission</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';"> Impossible<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">13.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">14.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Tony Blair<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">15.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">16.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Green<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">17.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">18.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Australia</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">19.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">________________<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'font-family:'Bookman Old Style';" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">20.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Bookman Old Style';">Jerry<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="font-family:Bering;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-family:'Book Antiqua';"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-family:'Book Antiqua';"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Bering;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></div>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1158910583528556262006-09-22T14:11:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:35:39.487+07:00INTRO TO RESEARCH METHOD<h1 style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%" align="center"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><br /></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:85%;">INTRO TO RESEARCH METHOD</span></h1><h2 align="center"><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">DATA ANALYSIS</span></h2><br /><br /><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">¨<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Statistic</i><br />is a set of procedure for describing, synthesizing, analyzing, and interpreting<br />quantitative data. One thousand scores, for example, can be represented with a<br />single number.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">¨<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Choice of appropriate statistical techniques</i> is determined to a great extent by the<br />design of the study and by the kind of data to be collected.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">¨<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span>The choice of statistical techniques is largely<br />determined by the research hypothesis to be tested.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbolfont-family:Symbol;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">¨<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span>A simple statistic is often more appropriate<br />than a more complicated one.</p><br /><br /><h3>Types of Descriptive Statistics</h3><p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The first step in data analysis</i> is to describe, or summarize the data using descriptive<br />statistics. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Descriptive statistics</i> permit the researcher to meaningfully describe many, many scores with a small number of indices. If such indices are calculated for a sample drawn from a<br />population, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">resulting values</i> are referred to as statistics; if they are calculated for an entire population, they are referred to as parameters.</p><p class="MsoBodyText"><strong><em>Graphing Data</em></strong></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm">The shape of the distribution may not be self-evident, especially if a large number of<br />scores are involved. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The most common method of graphing research data</i> is to construct a frequency polygon. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The first step in constructing a frequency polygon</i> is to list all the scores and tabulate how many subjects received each score. Once the scores are tallied, the steps are as follows: place all the scores on a horizontal axis, at equal intervals on the vertical axis,<br />starting with Zero for each score; find the point where the scores intersect with its frequency of occurrence and make a dot; connect all the dots with straight lines.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></b></p><br /><h3>Measures of Central Tendency</h3><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm"><span class="GramE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Measured of central tendency</i> give the researcher a convenient way of describing a set of data with a single number.</span> The number resulting from computation of a measure of central<br />tendency represents the average or typical score attained by a group of subjects. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Each index of central tendency is appropriate for a different scale</i> of measurement; the mode is<br />appropriate for nominal data, the median for ordinal data. <span class="GramE">And the mean for interval or ratio data.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdingsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>The Mode<o:p></o:p></u></p><p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The mode is</i> the score that is attained by more subjects than any others core. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The mode is not established through calculation</i>; it is determined by looking at a set of scores or at a graph<br />of scores and seeing which score <span class="SpellE">occures</span> more frequently.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </b>There are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">several problems associated with the mode</i>, and it is therefore of limited values and seldom used. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">For one thing</i> a set of scores may have two (or more) modes, in which case it is referred to as bimodal. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Another<br />problem</i> is that it is an unstable measure of central tendency; equal-sized samples randomly selected from the same accessible population are likely to have different modes.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">When nominal data are involved</i>, however, the mode is the only appropriate measure of central tendency.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><o:p></o:p></b></p><h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-: nonefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><u>The Median</u></span></span></span></span></h3><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm">The median is that point in a distribution above and below which are 50% of the scores; in<br />other words, the median is the midpoint. The median doesn’t take into account<br />each and every score; it ignores, for example, extremely high scores and extremely low scores.</p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-: nonefont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>The Mean</u></p><p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The mean is</i> the arithmetic average of the scores, or the most frequently and measure of central tendency. By the very nature of the way in which it is computed, the mean takes into account or based on each and every score.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">It is appropriate when</i> the data represents either an interval or ratio scale and is a more precise stable index than both the median and the mode.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">In situation</i> in which there are one or more extreme scores, the median will be the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">best index of typical performance.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><o:p></o:p></b></i></p><br /><h3>Measures of Variability</h3><h3><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">Two sets of data that are very different can have identical means or medians. Thus, there is a need for a measure that indicates how spread out the scores are, how much variability there is. While the standard deviation is by far the most often used, the range is the only appropriate measure of variability for the nominal data, and the quartile deviation is the appropriate index of variability for ordinal data. As with measures of central tendency, measures of variability appropriate for nominal and ordinal data may be used with interval or ratio data even though the standard deviation is generally the preferred index of variability.</span></h3><br /><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdingsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>The Range<o:p></o:p></u></p><p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The range is</i> simply the difference between the highest and the lowest score in a distribution and is determined by subtraction. Like the mode, the range is not a very stable<br />measure of variability, and its chief advantage is that it gives a quick, rough<br />estimate of variability.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdingsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>The Quartile Deviation</u></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The quartile deviation is</i> one-half of the difference between the upper quartile (the 75 percentile) and lower quartile (the 25 percentile) in a distribution. The quartile deviation is more stable measure of variability than the range and it is appropriate whenever the median is appropriate. </p><br /><br /><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdingsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>The Standard Deviation<o:p></o:p></u></p><p class="MsoBodyText">Like the mean, its counterpart measure of central tendency, the standard deviation is the most stable measure of variability and takes into account each and every score. If you know the mean and the standard deviation of a set of <span class="SpellE">score<span class="GramE">, you</span></span> have a pretty good picture of what the distribution looks like. If the distribution is relatively normal, then the mean plus <span class="GramE">three<br />standard deviation</span> and the mean minus three standard deviations<br />encompasses just about all the scores, over 99% of them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText"><u>The </u><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:place><u>Normal</u></st1:place><u> Curve</u></p><p class="MsoBodyText">Many, many variables do yield a normal curve if a sufficient<br />number of subjects are measured.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdingsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>Normal Distributions</u></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 18.0pt">If a variable is normally distributed, that is, does form a normal curve, then several things are true. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">First</i>, 50% of the scores are above the mean and 50% of the scores are below the mean. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Second</i>, the mean, the median, and the mode are the same. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Third</i>, most scores are near the mean and the farther from the mean a score is, the fewer the number of subjects who attained that score. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Fourth</i>, the same number, or percentage, of scores is between the<br />mean and plus one standard deviation (X + 1 SD) as is between the mean and minus<br />one standard deviation (X- 1 SD), and similarly for <span class="GramE"><u>+</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>2</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>SD and X <u>+</u> 3 SD.</p><p class="MsoBodyText">Many variables form a normal distribution, including<br />physical measures, such as height and weight, and psychological measures, such<br />as intelligence and aptitude. Since research studies deal with a finite number<br />of subjects, and often not a very large number, research data only more or less<br />approximate a normal curve.</p><br /><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdingsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>Skewed Distributions<o:p></o:p></u></p><p class="MsoBodyText">When a distribution is not normal, it is said to be skewed. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">A distribution which is skewed is</i><br />not symmetrical, and the values of the mean, the median, and the mode are different. In a skewed distribution, there are more extreme scores at one end than the other. If the extreme scores are at the lower end of the distribution, the distribution is said to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">negatively<br />skewed</i>; if the extreme scores are at the upper, or higher, end of the distribution, the distribution is said to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">positively </i><span class="GramE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">skewed</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">.</i> In both cases, the mean is “pulled” in<br />the direction of the extreme scores. For a negatively skewed distribution the<br />mean (X) is always lower, or smaller, than the median (<span class="SpellE">md</span>); for a positively skewed distribution the mean is always higher, or greater, than the median. Usually, in a negatively skewed distribution the mean and the median are lower, or smaller, than the mode, whereas in a positively skewed distribution the mean and the median are higher, or greater, than the mode. </p><p class="MsoBodyText"><u>Measures of Relationship<o:p></o:p></u></p><p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Degree of </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">relationship is</i> expressed as a correlation coefficient which is computed<br />based on the two sets of scores. If two variables are highly related, a correlation coefficient near + 1.00 (or – 1.00) will be obtained; if two variables are not related, a coefficient near .00 will be obtained.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdingsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>The Spearman </u><st1:city><st1:place><span class="SpellE"><u>Rho</u></span></st1:place></st1:city></p><p class="MsoBodyText">If the data for one of the variables are expressed as ranks instead of scores, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">the Spearman <span class="SpellE">rho</span></i> is the appropriate measure of correlation. It is thus appropriate when the data represent an ordinal scale (although it may be used with interval data) and is used when the median and quartile deviation are used. If only one of the variables to be correlated is in rank order, for<br />example, class standing at time of graduation, then the other variable to be correlated with it must also be expressed in terms of ranks. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Spearman <span class="SpellE">rho</span></i> is interpreted in the same way as the Pearson <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">r</i> and produces a coefficient somewhere between – 1.00 and + 1.00.<br />If more than one subject receives the same score, then their ranks are averaged. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></p><br /><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdingsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>The Pearson r</u></p><p class="MsoBodyText">The Pearson <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">r </i>is the most appropriate measure of correlation when the sets of data to be<br />correlated represent either interval or ratio scales. Like the mean and the<br />standard deviation, the Pearson <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">r </i>takes into account each and every score in both distributions; it is also the most stable measure of correlation. Since most educational measures represent<br />interval scales, the Pearson <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">r </i>is usually the appropriate coefficient for determining relationship. An assumption associated with the application of the Pearson <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">r </i>is that the relationship between the variables being correlated is a linear one. </p><p class="MsoBodyText"><u>Measures of Relative Position<o:p></o:p></u></p><p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Measures of relative position</i> indicate where a score is in relation to all other scores in the<br />distribution. A major advantage of such measures is that they make it possible<br />to compare the performance of an individual on two or more different tests.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdingsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>Percentile Ranks</u></p><p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">A percentile <span class="GramE">ranks<span style="FONT-STYLE: normal"> indicates</span></span></i> the percentage of scores that fall below a given score. <span class="GramE">Percentile<br />are</span> appropriate for data representing an ordinal scale, although they are frequently computed for interval data.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdingsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>Standard Scores </u></p><p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">A standard score</i> is a measure of relative position which is appropriate when the data represent<br />an interval or ratio scale. A <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">z</i> score expresses how far a score is from the mean in terms of standard deviation units. If a set of scores is transformed into a set of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">z</i> scores the new distribution has a mean <span class="GramE">of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>0</span> and a standard deviation of 1. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The major disadvantage</i> of the <span class="GramE">z</span> score is that it allows scores from different tests to be compared. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The only problem with <span class="GramE">z</span> score</i> is that they involve negative numbers and decimals. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">A simple solution</i> is to transform z scores into Z scores. To do this, you simply multiply the z score by 10 and add 50. <span class="SpellE"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Stanines</i></span> are standard scores that divide a distribution into nine parts. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-: lightsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">§<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span>The formula for the mean is </p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-: lightsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">§<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span>The formula for the standard deviation is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>where </p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-: lightsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">§<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span>The formula for the Pearson <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">r </i>is </p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 18.0pt">The formula for degrees of freedom for the Pearson <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">r </i>is N-2 standard scores.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-: lightsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">§<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span>The formula for a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">z</i> score is </p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-: lightsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">§<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span>The formula for a Z score is Z= 10z + 50</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-: lightsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">§<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span>Calculation for Interval Data </p><p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Symbols commonly used in statistical</i>:</p><p class="MsoBodyText">X = any scores;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>= the sum of; add them up of all the scores;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>= the sum of all the scores= the mean or arithmetic average;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>= the square of the sum; add up all the scores and square the sum, or total.</p><p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Formulas are as follows</i>:</p><p class="MsoBodyText">N = total number of subjects; n = number of subjects in a particular graph;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>= the sum of all the squares; square each score and add up all the squares.<br /></p><p class="MsoBodyText"><o:p></o:p></p><br /><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><p class="MsoBodyText" align="center"><br /></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>INTRO TO RESEARCH METHOD<u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></u></b></p><p align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-family:'Monotype Corsiva';">RESEARCH REPORT<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoBodyText"><u>WRITING THE REPORT<o:p></o:p></u></p><p class="MsoBodyText">Everything in the main body of the report up to the results section can actually be written before the experiment is conducted. The rest is merely a matter of writing down what happened, analyzing these happenings, and drawing conclusions.</p><p class="MsoBodyText"><u>FORMAT OF THE RESEARCH REPORT<o:p></o:p></u></p><p class="MsoBodyText">The research report, whether it be a thesis, dissertation, o<span class="GramE">r<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>shorter</span> term paper of report, usually follows a fairly standardized pattern. The usual sequence of topics is as follows:</p><br /><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">A.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Preliminary<br />Section or Front <span class="GramE">Matter<span style="FONT-STYLE: normal">,</span></span></i> consists of (1) Title Page, (2) Acknowledgement (if any), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>(3) Table of Contents, (4) List of tables (if any), (5) List of Figures (if any). </p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">B.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Main Body of the Report</i>, consists of<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> </i>(1) Introduction: Statement of the problem-specific questions to be answered-hypotheses to be tested; Significance of the problem; Purposes of the study; Assumptions, limitations, and delimitations; Definition on important terms, (2) Review of Related Literature or Analysis of Previous Research, (3) Design of the Study: Procedures used; Sources of data; Methods of gathering data; Description of data-gathering instruments used, (4) Presentation and Analysis of Data: Text; Tables; Figures, (5)Summary and Conclusions: Restatement of the problem; Description of procedures used; Principal findings and conclusions; Recommendations for further research.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">C.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Reference Section, </i>consists of (1) Bibliography, and (2) Appendix</p><br /><br /><p class="MsoBodyText"><u>PRELIMINARY SECTION <o:p></o:p></u></p><br /><p class="MsoBodyText">The first page of the report is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">the title page</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The forms</i> usually include: (1) the name of the topic, (2) the name of the author, (3) the relationship of the report to a course or degree requirement, (4) the name of the institution where the report is to be submitted, and (5) the date of presentation.</p><p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The title</i> should communicate as briefly and directly as possible the precise nature of what the report is about. It should contain key words that will be recognized by others who might be interested in the research because abstracting services index reports by the key words in the titles. The title should be written after the report is written, if it occurs to the researcher before, he must not throw it away but he must be sure to examine it carefully after the report is written to make sure it conveys what is expected to convey.<br /><br /><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">An acknowledgement page</i> is included if the writer has received unusual assistance in the conduct of the study. If used, acknowledgements should be simple and restrained.</p><p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Table of contents</i> serves an important purpose in providing an outline of the contents of the<br />report.</p><p class="MsoBodyText"><u>THE ABSTRACT <o:p></o:p></u></p><p class="MsoBodyText">The abstract should include the brief summary of the key points of the report. It is usually limited to 100 or 150 words. It should contain as its essential ingredients the statement of the hypothesis, the statement of the research prediction, and a brief statement of the results. In addition, a very brief statement of why the research is worth doing may sometimes be important.</p><p class="MsoBodyText"><u>THE MAIN BODY OF THE REPORT<o:p></o:p></u></p><p class="MsoBodyText">This section may be divided into five divisions, that is:</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">An introduction to the area of consideration</i>; a clear <u>statement of the problem</u> with<br />specific questions to be answered or hypothesis to be tested is presented first. The <u>hypothesis</u> should be clearly stated immediately before the methods section of the report. This statement can be couched in purely conceptual terms at this point; or it seems natural to do so, it can employ operationally defined terms. A consideration of the <u>significance of the problem</u> and its historical background is also appropriate. Specific purposes of the study are described, and all <u>assumptions, limitations, and delimitations</u> are recognized. All important terms are carefully defined, so that the reader may understand the concepts underlying the development of the investigation.<br /><span style="mso-list: Ignore"></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Review of the important literature</i>; previous research studies are <span class="GramE">abstracted,</span> and significant writing of authorities in the area under study are reviewed. This part provides a background for the development of the present study and brings the reader up to date. It gives evidence of the investigator’s knowledge of the field. A brief summary, indicating areas of agreement or disagreement in findings, or gaps in existing knowledge, should be included.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Design of the study</i>; all the important variables in the study should be operationally defined, including control and moderator variables as well as the dependent and the independent variables, the size of the samples and how they are selected is carefully described, as well as the sources and methods of gathering data, the reliability of instruments selected or constructed, and the statistical procedures used in the analysis.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The presentation and analysis of data</i>; through textual discussion and tabular and graphic<br />de-<span class="GramE">vices</span>, the data are critically analyzed and reported. <u>Tables and figures</u> are used to clarify significant relationships. They are constructed and titled to be self-explanatory and are relatively simple. If complex tables are developed, they should be placed in the appendix.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.3pt">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Summary;</i> after a brief statement of the problem and a description of the procedures used<br />in the investigation, the findings and conclusions are presented. <u>Findings</u> are statements of factual information based upon the data analysis. <u>Conclusions</u> are answers to the questions raised, or the statements of acceptance or rejection of the hypotheses proposed. This is often a very short section, but it can be lengthened considerably by being combined with the conclusions section of the report. It may be appropriate in concluding this part of the report to indicate promising side-problems that have been uncovered and to suggest areas or problems for further investigation. The summary section is the most used part of the research report. Readers who scan research literature to find significant studies examine this section before deciding whether or not further examination of the report is worthwhile. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText"><u>REFERENCE SECTION<o:p></o:p></u></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Bibliography; </i>located at the end of the main body of the report,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> </i>lists in alphabetical order the references used by the writer in preparing the report. In a short bibliography, books, pamphlets, monographs, and periodical references may be combined in the same list. If the number of references is large, the bibliography may be divided into sections, for books,<br />periodicals, and special documents. Ordinarily, a selected bibliography is preferable<br />to an exhaustive list.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Appendix;</i> tables and data-important, but not essential to the understanding of the report-copies of cover letters used, and printed forms of questionnaires, tests, and other<br />data-gathering devices may be placed in the appendix.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-: lightsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">§<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>Footnotes</u> serve a number of purposes:<br />enabling writers to substantiate their presentation by citations of other<br />authorities, giving credit to sources of material that they have quoted or<br />paraphrased, and providing the reader with specific purposes that or she may use<br />to verify the authenticity and accuracy of material used. Footnotes are found<br />at the bottom of the page.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-: lightsfont-family:Wingdings;" ><span style="mso-list: Ignore">§<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><u>Tables and Figures</u>; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">a table</i> is a systematic method of presenting statistical data in<br />vertical columns and horizontal rows, according to some classifications of<br />subject matter. Tables enable the reader to comprehend and interpret masses of<br />data rapidly, and to grasp significant details and relationships at a glance. Good<br />tables are relatively simple, concentrating on a <span class="GramE">limited</span> number of ideas. Text references should identify tables by number, rather than by such expressions as, “the table above” or “the following table”.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">A figure</i> is a device that presents statistical data in graphic<br />form. The term <u>figure</u> is applied to <span class="GramE">a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>wide</span> variety of graphs, charts, maps,<br />sketches, diagrams, and drawings. When skillfully used, <span class="GramE">figures<br /><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>present</span> aspects of data in a<br />visualized form that may be clearly and easily understood. Figures should not<br />be intended as substitutes for textual description, <span class="SpellE">bu</span><br />included to emphasize certain significant relationships.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Tables and figures</i> should be used sparingly; too many will<br />overwhelm the reader.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></i></p><br /><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt">REFERENCES</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>John W. Best, Research in Education (4<sup>th</sup> Edition), 1981.</p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 18.0pt"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span>Edward L. <span class="SpellE">Vockell</span>, Educational Research, 1983.</p><br /><br /><p class="MsoBodyText"><o:p></o:p></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoBodyText"><o:p></o:p></p><br /><br /><p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><o:p></o:p></b></p>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1158633099636787832006-09-19T09:22:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:36:19.996+07:00Adverb clause<strong>Instructions</strong><br />1. Divide the class into several small groups.<br />2. Give each group the strips of sentences.<br />3. Ask them to make logical sentences by arranging the strips (2 strips for 1 sentence)<br />4. After the students have finished, go over the sentences to discuss the use of <em>Adverb Clause.<br /></em>Note: This activity can be used as a speed game. You can also elaborate the discussion further, not only about the grammar point but also the students’ personal experiences. Therefore, make the sentences contextual.<br /><br /><br /><strong><br />I cannot love you even though<br /><br /><br />since the lecturer doesn’t come today,<br /><br /><br />some guys know how to treat women, while<br /><br /><br />now that you’re 20,<br /><br /><br />I will forgive you only if<br /><br /><br />my parents have a lot of children, so<br /><br /><br />he has a bad insomnia, so he can’t sleep unless<br /><br /><br />after I graduate from this university, <br /><br /><br />while I was going on a date with my boyfriend/girlfriend, <br /><br /><br />nobody has seen her ever since <br /><br /><br />once I receive this month’s allowance from my parents,<br /><br /><br /><br />the last time I went to my Senior High School, <br /><br /><br />you bring me the moon and the stars <br /><br /><br /><br />we can hang out together at the café<br /><br /><br />others simply do not<br /><br /><br />you should be more responsible to yourself<br /><br /><br />you buy me that chocolate ice cream and Japanese cake <br /><br /><br />we always fight when watching TV<br /><br /><br />he counts 1,000 sheep<br /><br /><br />I will run a business with my friends<br /><br /><br />I met my other boyfriend/girlfriend, and now I’m completely available<br /><br /><br />she comes to the Structure class last week<br /><br /><br /><br />I will treat everybody in the class<br /><br /><br />it has completely changed<br /><br /></strong>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1158217169402530252006-09-14T13:46:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:36:35.138+07:00Media in Instruction<div align="center"><span style="font-family:verdana;"><strong>Media Pembelajaran</strong></span> </div><center></center><div align="left"><br /><br /><strong>Menurut Kemp &Dayton (1985):</strong></div><div align="left">1. Media Cetakan<br />2. Media Pajang<br />3. Overhead Transparancies<br />4. Rekaman Audiotape<br />5. Seri slide dan Filmstrips<br />6. Penyajian multi-image<br />7. Rekaman video dan Film hidup<br />8. Komputer </div><div align="left"></div><div align="left"></div><div align="left"><br /><strong>Media Cetakan</strong> </div><div align="left"><br />• Meliputi bahan-bahan yang disiapkan diatas kertas untuk pengajaran dan informasi.<br />• Misalnya:<br />1. buku teks<br />2. lembaran penuntun<br />3. penuntun belajar<br />4. penuntun instruktur<br />5. brosur<br />6. Newsletter<br />7. teks terprogram.<br />• Media cetakan memiliki kelebihan dan keterbatasan</div><div align="left"><br />Kelebihan media cetakan:</div><div align="left"><br />• Siswa dapat belajar sesuai dengan kecepatan masing-masing. Materi belajar dapat dirancang sedemikian rupa sehingga mampu memenuhi kebutuhan siswa, baik yang cepat maupun yang lambat membaca dan memahami.<br />•Di samping dapat mengulangi materi dalam media cetakan, siswa akan mengikuti urutan pikiran secara logis.<br />•Perpaduan teks dan gambar dalam halaman cetak sudah merupakan hal lumrah, dan ini dapat memperlancar pemahaman informasi yang disajikan dalam dua format, verbal dan visual.<br />•Khusus pada teks terprogram, siswa akan berpartisipasi/ berinteraksi dengan aktif karena harus memberi respon terhadap pertanyaan dan latihan yang disusun, siswa dapat segera mengetahui apakah jawabannya benar atau salah.<br />•Meskipun isi informasi media cetak harus diperbaharui dan direvisi sesuai dengan perkembangan dan temuan-temuan baru dalam bidang ilmu itu, materi tersebut dapat direproduksi dengan ekonomis dan didistribusikan dengan mudah. </div><div align="left"></div><div align="left"><br />Keterbatasan media cetakan :</div><div align="left"><br />•Sulit menampakkan gerak dalam media cetakan.<br />•Biaya pencetakan akan mahal apabila ingin menampilkan ilustrasi, gambar, atau foto yang berwarna-warni.<br />•Proses pencetkan media seringkali memakan waktu lama, tergantung pada peralatandan kerumitan informasi pada halaman cetakan.<br />•Pembagian unit-unit pelajaran dalam media cetakan harus dirancng sedemikian rupa sehingga tidak terlalu panjang dan membosankan siswa.<br />•Umumnya, media cetakan dapat membawa hasil yang baik jika tujuan pelajaran itu bersifat kognitif, misalnya belajar tentang fakta dan keterampilan. Jarang sekali, jika ada, media cetakan terutama teks terprogram yang mencoba menekankan pada perasaan, emosi, atau sikap.<br />•Jika tidak dirawat dengan baik, media cetakan akan mudah hilang atau rusak. </div><div align="left"></div><div align="left"></div><div align="left"><br /><strong>Media Pajang</strong></div><div align="left"><br />• Digunakan untuk menyampaikan pesan atau informasi di depan kelompok kecil.<br />• Misalnya:<br />1. papan tulis<br />2. flip chart<br />3. papan magnet<br />4. papan kain<br />5. papan buletin<br />6. pameran<br />• Media pajang memiliki kelebihan dan keterbatasan.</div><div align="left"></div><div align="left"><br />Kelebihan Papan Pajang</div><div align="left"><br />•Bermanfaat di ruang manapun tanpa ada penyesuaian khusus.<br />•Pemakai dapat secara fleksibel membuat perubahan-perubahan sementara penyajian berlangsung.<br />•Mudah dipersiapkan dan materinya mudah digunakan.<br />•Fasilitas papan tulis atau white board selalu tersedia di ruang-ruang kelas. </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"><br />Keterbatasan Media Pajang</div><div align="left"><br />•Terbatas penggunaannya pada kelompok-kelompok kecil.<br />•Memerlukan keahlian khusus dari penyajiannya (apalagi jika memerlukan panjelasan verbal).<br />•Mungkin tidak dianggap penting jika dibandingkan dengan media-media yamg diproyeksikan.<br />•Pada saat menulis di papan, guru membelakangi siswa, dan jika ini berlangsung lama tentu akan mengganggu suasana dan pengelolaan kelas.<br /></div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Proyektor Transparancy (OHP)</div><div align="left"><br />•Merupakan visual baik berupa huruf, lambang, gambar, grafik atau gabungannya pada lembaran bahan tembus pandang atau plastik yang dipersiapkan untuk diproyeksikan ke sebuah layar atau dinding melalui sebuah proyektor.<br />•Dirancang untuk dapat digunakan didepan kelas sehingga guru dapat selalu berhadapan dan menatap siswa.<br />•OHP memiliki kelebihan dan keterbatasan.<br /></div><div align="left"><br />Kelebihan OHP</div><div align="left"><br />•Pantulan proyeksi gambar dapat terlihat jelas pada ruangan yang terang (tidak perlu pada ruangan yang gelap).<br />•Dapat menjangkau kelompok besar.<br />•Guru dapat selalu bertatap muka dengan siswa karena OHP dapat diletakkan di depan kelas, dengan demikian ia dapat selalu mengendalikan kelasnya.<br />•Transparansi dapat dibuat dengan mudah oleh guru, baik yang dibuat secara manual maupun melalui prose cetak, salin, dan kimia.<br />•Peralatannya mudah dioperasikan dan tidak memerlukan perawatan khusus.<br />•Memiliki kemampuan untuk menampilkan warna.<br />•Dapat disimpan dan digunakan berulang kali.<br />•Dapat dijadikan pedoman dan penuntun bagi guru dalam penyajian materi.<br /></div><div align="left"><br />Keterbatasan OHP</div><div align="left"><br />•Fasilitas OHP harus tersedia.<br />•Listrik pada ruang atau lokasi penyajian harus tersedia.<br />•Tanpa layar yang dapat dimiringkan (misalnya hanya menggunakan tembok atau layar lurus), sulit untuk mengatasi distorsi tayangan yang berbentuk trapesium (keystoning).<br />•Harus memiliki teknik khusus untuk pengaturan urutan baik dalam hal penyajian maupun penyimpanan.<br /></div><div align="left"><br /><strong>Rekaman Audio-Tape</strong></div><div align="left"><br />•Pesan dan isi pelajaran dapat direkam pada tape magnetik sehingga hasil rekaman tersebut dapat diulangi pada saat yang diinginkan.<br />•Pesan dan isi ini dimaksudkan untuk merangsang pikiran, perasaan, perhatian, dan kemauan sisswa sebagai upaya mendukung terjadinya proses belajar.<br />•Materi rekaman audiotape adalah cara ekonomis untuk menyiapkan isi pelajaran atau jenis informasi tertentu.<br />•Penggunaan media audio bertujuan untuk mencapai keterampilan-keterampilan tertentu.<br /></div><div align="left"> </div>learning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33878639.post-1157962711845465152006-09-11T15:18:00.001+07:002010-02-24T12:37:02.303+07:00Geometry<div align="center"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 0);">VOLUME BENDA-BENDA RUANG </span></strong></div><p><br /><strong>1. Bangun Ruang Sisi Lengkung</strong><br /><strong><br /></strong>a. Tabung (Silinder )<br />Dalam tabung (silinder) berlaku rumus-rumus:<br />i. d = 2r atau r = ½ d<br />ii. L<sub>a</sub>= L<sub>b</sub>= πr<sup> 2 </sup>= ¼d<sup>2</sup><br />iii. L <sub>s</sub>= 2πrt = πdt<br />iv. L<sub> p</sub>= L <sub>a</sub>+ L<sub>b</sub> + L <sub>s</sub>= 2πr (r + t) = π d (d + t)<br />v. V= L<sub>b</sub> t = L<sub> a</sub> t = π r <sup>2</sup> t</p><p><a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7056/3724/1600/si.jpg"><img style="" alt="" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7056/3724/320/si.jpg" border="0" /></a><br />dengan:<br />r = jari-jari atas/alas tabung<br />d = diameter atas/ alas tabung<br />t= tinggi tabung<br />L<sub>a</sub> = luas bidang atas tabung<br />L<sub>b</sub> = luas bidang bawah/ alas/ dasar tabung<br />L<sub>s</sub> = luas selimut/ selubung tabung<br />L<sub>p</sub>= luas permukaan tabung<br />V = volume/ isi tabung<br /><br />b. Kerucut<br />Dalam kerucut berlaku rumus-rumus:<br />i. d = 2r atau r = ½ d<br />ii. p<sup>2</sup>= t <sup>2</sup>+ r<sup> 2</sup><br />iii. L<sub>b</sub>= πr <sup>2</sup> = ¼πd<sup>2</sup><br />iv. L <sub>s</sub>= πrp = ½πdp<br />v. L<sub> p</sub>= L<sub>b</sub> + L <sub>s</sub>= πr (r + p) =½ πd (d + p)<br />vi. V = π/3 r <sup>2</sup> t<br />vii. φ = r/p x 360</p><p><a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7056/3724/1600/kr2.jpg"><img style="" alt="" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7056/3724/320/kr2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br />dengan:<br />r= jari-jari alas kerucut<br />d= diameter alas kerucut<br />t = tinggi kerucut<br />p = panjang garis pelukis atau apotema<br />L<sub>b</sub> = luas bidang bawah/ alas/ dasar kerucut<br />L<sub>s</sub> = luas selimut/ selubung kerucut<br />L<sub>p</sub> = luas permukaan kerucut<br />V = volume/ isi kerucut<br />φ = sudut pusat rebahan<br /><br />c. Kerucut Terpancung<br />Dalam kerucut terpancung berlaku rumus-rumus:<br />i. d<sub>1</sub> = 2r<sub>1</sub> atau r<sub>1</sub> = ½ d <sub>1</sub><br />ii. d<sub>2</sub> = 2r<sub>2</sub> atau r<sub>2</sub> = ½ d <sub>2</sub><br />iii. L<sub>b</sub>= πr <sub>1</sub>2 = ¼ πd<sub>1</sub>2<br />iv. L<sub>a</sub>= πr <sub>2</sub>2 = ¼ πd<sub>2</sub>2<br />v. L<sub> s</sub>= πp (r <sub>1</sub>+ r<sub> 2</sub>)= ½πp (d<sub>1</sub>+ d<sub>2</sub>)<br />vi. L<sub> p</sub>= L<sub>b</sub> + L<sub>a</sub>+ L<sub> s</sub>= πp(r <sub>1</sub>+ r<sub> 2</sub>) + π p(r <sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>+ r<sub> 2</sub><sup>2</sup>)<br />vii. V = π/3 t (r<sub>1</sub> <sup>2</sup>+ r<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup> + r <sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>)<br /><a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7056/3724/1600/kr3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; float: left;" alt="" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7056/3724/320/kr3.jpg" border="0" /></a>dengan:<br />r<sub>1</sub> = jari-jari bidang alas/ dasar/ bawah kerucut terpancung<br />d<sub>1</sub> = diameter bidang alas/ dasar/ bawah kerucut terpancung<br />r<sub>2</sub> = jari-jari bidang atas kerucut terpancung<br />d<sub>2</sub> = diameter bidang atas kerucut terpancung<br />t = tinggi kerucut terpancung<br />p = panjang garis pelukis atau apotema kerucut terpancung<br />L<sub>b</sub> = luas bidang bawah/ alas/ dasar kerucut terpancung<br />L<sub>a </sub>= luas bidang atas kerucut terpancung<br />L<sub>s </sub>= luas selimut/ selubung kerucut terpancung<br />L<sub>p </sub>= luas permukaan kerucut terpancung<br />V = volume/ isi kerucut terpancung<br /><br />d. Bola<br />Dalam bola berlaku rumus-rumus:<br />i. D = 2R atau R= ½ D<br />ii. d = 2r atau r = ½ d<br />iii. R<sup>2</sup> = h<sup>2</sup>+ r <sup>2</sup><br />iv. L<sub>t</sub> = 2πRt = πDt<br />v. L<sub> p</sub>= 4πR <sup>2</sup>= πD<sup>2</sup><br />vi. V = 4π/ 3 R<sup>3</sup>= π/ 3D<sup>3</sup><br />vii. V<sub>t</sub>= πt<sup>2</sup> (3R- t)<br /><a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7056/3724/1600/bl.jpg"><img style="" alt="" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7056/3724/320/bl.jpg" border="0" /></a></p><p>dengan:<br />R = jari-jari bola<br />D = diameter bola<br />r = jari-jari bidang lingkaran<br />d = diameter bidang lingkaran<br />h = jarak pusat bola ke bidang lingkaran<br />t = jarak dari pusat bidang lingkaran ke kulit bola<br />L<sub>p </sub>= luas permukaan bola<br />L<sub>t </sub>= luas bidang lengkung tembereng<br />V = volume/ isi bola<br />V<sub>t </sub>= volume/ isi tembereng bola<br /><br /><br /><strong>2. Bangun Ruang Sisi Datar</strong><br /><br />a. Kubus<br />Dalam kubus berlaku rumus:<br /></p><ol type="i"><li><em>d<sub>s</sub>= a </em>√2</li><p></p><p></p><li><em>d<sub>r</sub>= a </em>√3</li><li><em>L<sub>p</sub>=</em> 6<em> a </em><sup>2</sup></li><p></p><p></p><li><em>V =</em> <em>a </em><sup>3</sup></li><br /></ol>dengan:<br />a = panjang rusuk kubus<br />d<sub>s</sub> = panjang diagonal sisi kubus<br />d<sub>r</sub> = panjang diagonal ruang kubus<br />L<sub>p</sub> = luas permukaan kubus<br />V = volume/ isi kubus<br /><br />b. Balok<br />Dalam balok berlaku rumus-rumus:<br />d<sub>1</sub>= √ (p<sup>2</sup> + l<sup>2</sup>)<br />d<sub>2</sub>= √ (p<sup>2</sup> + t<sup>2</sup>)<br />d<sub>3</sub>= √ (l<sup>2</sup> + t<sup>2</sup>)<br />d<sub>r</sub>= √ (p<sup>2</sup> + l<sup>2</sup>+ t<sup>2</sup>)<br />L<sub>s</sub>= 2 (p + l )t<br />L<sub>p</sub>= 2 (pl + pt + lt)<br />V = plt<br />dengan :<br />p = panjang balok<br />l = lebar balok<br />t = tinggi balok<br />d<sub>1</sub> = panjang diagonal sisi alas/ atas<br />d<sub>2</sub> = panjang diagonal sisi depan/ belakang<br />d<sub>3</sub> = panjang diagonal sisi samping kiri/ kanan<br />d<sub>r</sub> = panjang diagonal ruang balok<br />L<sub>s</sub> = luas selimut/ selubung balok<br />L<sub>p</sub> = luas permukaan balok<br />V = volume/ isi balok<br /><br />c. Prisma Tegak<br />Dalam prisma tegak berlaku rumus-rumus:<br />Luas selimut/ selubung prisma tegak = keliling alas x panjang rusuk tegak<br /><br />Luas permukaan prisma tegak<br />Luas permukaan prisma tegak =<br />luas selimut + luas bidang alas + luas bidang atas<br />= luas selimut + 2 x luas bidang alas<br />= luas selimut + 2 x luas bidang atas<br />Volume prisma tegak= luas bidang bawah/ alas/ dasar x panjang rusuk tegak (tinggi)<br />= luas bidang atas x panjang rusuk tegak (tinggi)<br /><br />d. Limas (Piramida)<br />Dalam limas (piramida) berlaku rumus-rumus:<br />Luas permukaan limas = luas alas + jumlah sisi tegak = luas alas + n x luas sisi tegak<br />L<sub>p</sub> = L<sub>b</sub> + n x L<br />Volume limas = 1/3 luas alas x tinggi<br />V = 1/3 L<sub>b</sub> x tlearning_with_mehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02603788259294922096noreply@blogger.com20