KINESICS THE BONE COLLECTOR

Sociolinguistics

KINESICS

The Bone Collector

Cast: Denzel Washington as Lincoln Rhyme

Angeline Jolie as Amelia Donaghy

Leland Orser as Richard Thompson

Synopsis

Lincoln Rhyme was a very genius police officer assigned in NYPD at the CSI (Crime Scene Investigation). He wrote a lot books about forensics. When he was on duty investigating a murder, he got an accident that made him totally paralyzed. Since then, he had to stay in bed surrounded by many kinds of equipment, from medical equipment to electronical ones, such as computers, monitor, and telephone. He could not move his whole body except his head and his fingers, which he used to press the buttons in both sides of his bed, so that he could operate the elecronical machines. He still could talk, was still working as a policeman, and did his work from his bed by using his genius brain and the machines. He was also fully paid by the NYPD. One day, a mysterious murder happened, and the first police officer who examined the crime scene was Amelia, a traffic policewoman. She took some pictures of the scene. Linc was assigned to find the murderer, and he directly took some actions to solve the case by gathering some police officers to become the members of his team. He also asked Amelia to join the team since he was very impressed with her work on examining the crime scene. And so, the team started to collect evidence and began the investigation. The murder was genius though. He did his crime very neatly, and he always left some mysterious clues for the police. The clues could lead them to the next target of the serial killings, but every time Linc found out the meaning, the murderer had already killed the victim. The killings continued to happen until the murderer came to his main target, who was Linc himself. It turned out that the murderer was Richard Thompson, the one who took care of Lincoln’s medical apparatus. He did all the murders to take revenge on Linc because he felt that Linc had ruined his life and made him suffered. By the time Richard was about to stab Linc, Amelia showed up and shot Richard. In the end, Richard died and Linc survived. He was not staying in bed anymore; instead, he used a wheel chair, a sophisticated one, of course.

The Kinesics of the Good Guys

v Lincoln Rhyme

Linc had the required characteristics of a good police officer as well as a nice person. He was brave, firm, tough, smart, emotionally stable, wise, and understanding. Moreover, he had a strong leadership and intuition. This judgement is based on the way he talked and the kinesics he used. His kinesics mostly involves eye gaze and facial expression, and occasionally head
movement.

¨ When Linc wanted to speak seriously with someone, his eyes usually were fixed upon the person and hardly any smile could be seen.
He maintained the intensive eye contact until the talk was over. This is shown in some scenes, such as, when he asked Amelia to work with him in investigating the serial killings, and when he described the jobs of each members of the team, and ordered them to do
their respective jobs.

¨ In other time, when Linc was criticized, he would only smile slightly with no look of anger in his face. It happened in one scene where Amelia protested him for being authoritative in asking her to join his team.

¨ Although Linc was a firm police officer, he could act wisely in some occasions. When Amelia didn’t want to examine the first victim’s body because she couldn’t stand seeing the condition, Linc didn’t look angry with her. Instead, he tried to encourage her to do the work. Still, Amelia didn’t want to and she even intended to resign from the team. Linc called her and was able to make her tell her bad experience, and with his comforting eyes, he told her that he understood everything and convinced her to rejoin the team.

¨ When making analysis by recalling his memory
and thinking seriously, Linc’s eyes were either blinking or focused on no direction without
blinking. It was sometimes combined with contracted eyebrows.

¨ When observing things related to the crime, such as the evidence or the clues, Linc’s eye gaze was very sharp examining and analyzing the things while also pressing the buttons in the sides of his bed.

¨ Linc was not afraid to show his dislike to even a high-rank police officer. He was not hesitate to only look at the person he disliked with one eye and then looked away, or even not looking at all, but only using head movement to respond to what the person’s saying. We can find it in one scene where a bad police officer named Howard came to his place.

¨ Linc was very intuitive. When Richard came to kill him, he had already felt that there’s
something wrong before Richard told him everything. He had already tried to call the police station by pressing the buttons with his fingers silently. However, he had to say something on the phone and this was the moment when Richard knew what he was up to.

¨ Linc’s genius brain was still working even though he’s in a very difficult situation. In a scene
where he’s going to be killed by Richard and he was obviously helpless, he could find a way to postpone the murder, that is, by biting Richard’s neck and making him injured.

As an ordinary person, Linc still showed his sentimental side in some occasions.

¨ When Linc was asked to have a break by his crew since his health condition was decreasing, he looked angry, but not long afterwards, his eyes revealed his sadness. He was actually desperate with his condition and he had even signed an agreement for euthanasia. However, he could conceal everything and still became a brave and tough leader for the rest members of the team.

¨ Linc also showed sad eyes in the scene where he saw the victims of the murders, who were usually badly wounded.

¨ Linc’s happiness could still be seen in some scenes, like when he made a friendly smile while joking with Thelma, his nurse, or when he smiled slightly seeing Amelia’s good job which showed that he was proud and happy with it.

¨ Linc was paralyzed, but his feeling toward woman was not vanished. He knew that Amelia’s got feeling on him and when looking at her, his eyes showed that he felt the same way especially in some scenes where they were in a very close distance.

v Amelia Donaghy

Amelia Donaghy is not way different from Lincoln Rhyme, except that she’s a woman. She is also a good police officer, a brave, smart, tough, responsible, self-reliant, and careful one. Although she is a woman, she could cope with her colleagues and did her job as well as they did. It is shown by her kinesics, which can be identified as follows:

Ø Eye gaze

¨ She always looked directly at the eyes of the person she was talking to.

¨ She used friendly eye gaze when seeing a child who gave her information about a murder,
so that the child would not be afraid and worried.

¨ When she felt that she had to defend herself, she tended to look at the eyes of the
person she was talking to more strongly.

¨ When her supervisor asked her to change her current job and moved to his division she
looked directly at him even though he was her supervisor.

¨ When she was asked to see and observe another victim, Mrs. Rubin, her eyes gave a sign
of shock and sadness, but she tried to be strong

¨
If she felt touched, she could not hide it from her eyes. She even cried when she was
reminded of her late father and her eyes showed pain, sadness and disappointment. When she experienced or saw a very sad moment like when a young girl’s grandfather was murdered, she also could not resist on crying.

Ø Body movement

¨
Her movements were fast and she had a good reflex. She moved very fast, carefully and well arranged when she heard about the news of murder as if it had been her habit as a member of police department when she heard any bad news.

¨
She carefully and thoroughly took pictures of events around the crime scenes that
might become important evidence.

¨
When she walked with her man colleagues, she did it as fast as her colleagues did.

¨
She was so curious when she was in the place where the murders had happened that she
walked slowly and cautiously examining her surroundings

Ø Proximity

¨
She kept around fifty centimeters distance when she talked to the child she found in the first crime scene.

¨
She kept around fifty centimeters distance from her colleagues when she walked with them.

Ø Posture

¨
She bent her back when she talked to a child so that her position was almost the same
with the child.

¨
She is very sturdy in the way she was standing, sitting, and walking.

Ø Facial expression

¨
She talked to Lincoln Rhyme when he urged her to change her position with an expression of a strong and tough person to defend her position

¨
She looked very shocked and disappointed when she found the victim of the murder,Mrs. Rubin, but she kept on being tough and doing her job, collecting the signs of the murder.

The Kinesics of the Bad Guy

Frankly speaking, the bad guy was rarely shown in the film. Everytime he did the murder, he
was wearing a mask. So it was difficult to see his facial expression. Fortunately, his body movement and eye gaze can still be identified. And luckily, in the end of the film, when he tried to kill his last victim, he wasn’t wearing a mask. The kinesics of Richard Thompson as the bad guy (murderer) can be identified as follows:

Ø Eye gaze

When Richard look at his victims, he used a threatening gaze. He gazed at the victim with sharp look and lack of blinking. From his eyes, it could be seen that he was a cold-blooded murderer.
He tended to sweep the room finding a victim with his eyes. He always used steady gaze when he looked at people.

Ø Body movement/ posture

The bad guy rarely moved his body. He didn’t like to move here and there without any purpose. When he drove a taxi and the victims screamed and yelled, he kept driving, he did not turn back, he ignored the victims. His ignorance scared the victim. No matter what the victim did, he kept driving without feeling bothered.

Some exceptions happened to Richard when he came to his last victim, Linc. Since Richard had
known Linc very well and Linc was the reason why he did all the murders, Richard did something that he had not done to other victims. When he wanted to kill Linc, Richard was talking much. He tended to get closer to Linc.
Usually he rarely moved, but in front of his last victim, he often moved. He used to be very calm but in this case, he was careless and did everything in a hurry. He did many mistakes that he couldn’t succeed in killing Lincoln.

Ø Proximity

The murderer always took a distance with his victims. After he handcuffed the victim, he stayed away from her/him. He approached the victim, touched her/his body only it he wanted to hurt her/him, like cutting the victim’s body with knives. After that, he moved away. When he came to his victim, he walked slowly, steadily, with heavy step.

Ø Facial Expression

Fortunately, we can see the bad guy’s facial expression in the last part of the film. He smiled with sly face. His eyebrows went down near his eyes and he stared at Linc sharply with anger. When Linc could make him injured, his face showed pain. However, the more pain he felt, the more angry he got. He was shaking when he expressed these two feelings, pain, and anger.

So, it can be seen that people’s kinesics can reveal many things, their characteristics, feelings, intention, and so on. Just like in the movie, the characters do not show that they’re the good guys or the bad guys merely through their speech or the style, but also their kinesics. In real life, other people can also see who we really are from the combination of what we say, how we say it, and what kinesics we made.

STYLE OF SPEECH

Sociolinguistics

STYLE OF SPEECH

Speech, like dress, can have different styles depending on the situation. Style itself refers to the selection of linguistic forms to convey social or artistic effects. It forms a communication system in its own right, one that determines how a social interaction will proceed, or if it will proceed at all. If it is to continue, style tells how, whether formally or informally. It may also tell listeners how to take what is being said: seriously, ironically, humorously, or in some other way.

Style uses all the resources of language: tone of voice, different ways of pronouncing sounds, even choice of words and grammar themselves. When the style of an utterance contradicts the meaning of the words and grammar, the style is often believed. This is because style tells us how to interpret a message. The followings are
some samples –taken from my personal experiences and the people in my
surroundings’— of style vs. words, choice of words, and tone of voice.

A. Style vs. words

1. I always find difficulties of getting up in the morning especially in this fasting month. One morning, when it’s only 15 more minutes left before “Imsak”, I was still on my bed, very hesitate to get up. Then, my mother came to my room, and said, “Terusno turumu nak, enak-enakno, sek esuk kok.” What happened next was that I got off my bed with my eyes still closed.

2. One day, my sister and I went to our auntie’s. we were there for along time until there was a call from my mother. She said, “Wis nak, ojok moleh, nginepo kono ae mesisan.”

3. When we came to somebody’s house as a guest, we sometimes said, “Gak usah ngombe wis, gak perlu repot-repot.” Still, the host or the hostess would give us something to drink. I myself preferred trusting in words, so when I was asked not to make drinks, I wouldn’t, though the style showed the opposite.

B. Tone of voice

1. A very old friend of mine called me one day. I was happy and surprised to receive the call because it’s been a long time. so I said to him, “Hey, yok opo kabare, rek?”
enthusiastically. After a few days, he called me again very early in the morning. I was thinking that there’s something wrong and I asked him, “Onok opo?” with a rising tone.

Apparently, he wanted to tell me that our friend’s mother was dead. In the other day, he called me when I was trying hard to sleep, which made me in a bad mood. After I knew that it was he who called, I just said flatly, “Oh yo, onok opo?. After that call, he never called me anymore. It is very probable that he felt offensed by my very lazy
response.

2. Many people made phone calls to my house the day my uncle died. I was the only person in the house, so I had to receive all the calls, which asked the same things, whether my uncle was really dead, and when he would be buried. Then, there’s one call asking similar information, “Pak H. Faroid meninggal ya?” I answered in usual tone, “Ya, betul.” Then he said, “Kapan dimakamkannya? Ini dari Ustadz Ali.” Apparently, the caller was a very respectable person in my hometown. Thus, I changed my voice tone and my style of speech also changed drastically. I tried to be as polite as possible when speaking and I even nodded my head during my speech to show my respect, though he wouldn’t see my action.

3. One day, my friends and I met our lecturer who’s got his hand injured. Then another friend passed by and just said to him, “what’s the matter with you?” The
message seemed to be the same as the words “What’s got into you, do you have a
problem with me?” Of course, this was not what she intended to say, however, her tone, and perhaps, her choice of words made her speech sound like that. Fortunately, my lecturer seemed not to feel anything and just made a big smile.

4. Before the Extensive Reading class, some of us had a chat together outside. Then one of us asked the other one, “Hei, koen kate public presentation opo private?” she answered, “Sak karepku tah.” The tone told us that she said that as humour, so we laughed at that time. However, when she asked a question, we felt that we had a chance to take revenge, so we responded the same way as she did before, and we laughed together.

C. Choice of words

1. One day, I got on a “mikrolet”, and when trying to find a seat, I stepped on somebody’s feet. I spontaneously yelled, “Eh, sorry, sorry Pak!” I was right that he was a man, but he was already old. I realized that I had just used the wrong choice of word, and he justified my thought by looking at me unpleasantly.

2. My father got a letter one day, from a store in Malang saying that he could get an interesting prize without having to buy anything before. It’s due to the store’s anniversary or something, I forget what it was. Since we often got such kinds of letters, I tried to call the store first. I asked whether the content of the letter was
true or not. I also mentioned the name of the event in English as written in the envelope. Actually, there’s also the Indonesian version, but I meant to say it in English to make me sound more sophisticated. It seemed that it worked, since the receiver then gave a long explanation of the procedure and the conditions to get the prizes, which make me and my father more convinced of not going to the store.

3. When I was gathering with my family, somebody knocked at my door. My mother, who’s apparently totally convinced that it was my father, said, “Opo ae Pak, katek tok tok barang, wong nggowo kunci ngono.” There’s no answer, but then we heard an unfamiliar voice saying, “Assalamu’alaikum.”, which was surely not my father’s. My mother and my sisters suddenly ran away leaving me alone in the living room. I opened the door and there was a face of a stranger in front of me. Obviously, my mother had used wrong choice of words, though not intentionally.

4. I often greet my friends using different words based on the degree of the friendship. I greet some of them by calling their names. That is usual. When I met some others, I may say, “Lapo koen?” Still to some others, I greet them by saying,
“Hei, tuyul dan mbak yul, nang endi?”.

So it is clear that style can indicate many things through its features. By using different tone and different words, we can show our moods, our feelings, our social status and educational level, etc, to our conversational partners. We can also reveal our consideration about someone, whether or not we consider him/her our close person, and what kind of interaction we want to have with him/ her. Style can suggest what’s really inside us despite the words we use to cover it. So, be careful, if you want to lie, make sure that your style of speech will not disclose it.

Socio Linguistic

CHAPTER I

RESEARCH
BACKGROUND

Indonesia is a land of exotic surprises, featuring the rich culture and arts of its people amidst the sandy beaches and cool mountains. It comprises about 13.700 islands, the principal ones being Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Irian Jaya. Indonesia has a population of over 170 million and it is a mosaic of many different ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural groups and
some 250 spoken languages.

In east Java, one can find that every city speak their languages that may have varieties, dialects and various language styles. Although Javanese speak Java to communicate in particular places and situations they prefer to speak their own regional language to their speech community who
are from the same region. They usually try to create their own language style so that they can easily communicate with their speech community.

One of the cities in Java that the speech community creates a new term in the Javanese language is Lawang City. Lawang is a small city, which is located on the north part of Malang regency. It is also the border of Malang and Pasuruan. Lawang is a place where we can find both the country atmosphere, and the busy life of town.

Lawang’s speech community usually has their language style for communicating each other. As a Javanese who lives in Lawang and uses to speak Javanese with her family, the writer was interested to observe the phenomena of “the addition of PE in the Javanese language as the language style of Lawang’s speech community” by doing a research that might be important to contribute to sociolinguistic science. The writer also involves her self in doing the research. Although she speaks Javanese in her daily activities but she used to add her sentence with a particular term that have been understood by her speech community. The writer her self prefer to use the addition of Javanese language to speak without any addition at all because several factors; mood, solidarity, situation, topic of the speech, occasion, and habit.
There are three reasons which make the writer interested to observe this phenomena;

v It is unique

During the research, the writer found that the particular term of “PE”used for Lawang’s speech community only. So far, the writer also tries to introduce this term to another friends from the different cities but they never heard this before. It does not like the language style of malang’s speech community that we called it “walikan.” Not just the people who come from Malang that can understand the meaning but also another persons from another cities can understand it. In contrast to “walikan style” that have been known by public, the language style of Lawang’s speech community is unique.

v It is easy

The addition of “PE” makes thespeaker easier to communicate each other. It does not need other particular terms. Just giving the addition of ‘PE” before the Javanese language and making some reductions of words if it is necessary.

v It is understandable

By using this style there is no special changing in the Javanese language so that the language is understandable for communicating in Lawang’s speech community. One who concern with the languages used by this style will understand it well although he never learns it before.

Based on the reasons above the writer interested to make a research about “THE ADDITION OF ‘PE’ IN THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE AS THE LANGUAGE STYLE OF LAWANG’S SPEECH COMMUNITY.”

CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

v Research Design

The study was a qualitative research, which described the phenomena in language style; this study did not need measurement or statistical data. The observations were merely based on the natural conversation of the writer her self with some of the writer’s neighbors, family, friends, relatives and other respondents that all of whom speak the Javanese and were assumed to use the language style by adding the particular term known as “PE” in their speeches.

During the observation activities, the writer was involving her self to have conversations with the entire respondents that have been mentioned above by using the addition of “PE” in Javanese language. So that the writer will get the real data from the natural occasion. The writer didn’t choose a particular topic for the conversation but she tried to have free topics based on the daily activities.

v Data and Source of the Data

The data used in this research was oral data, which were taken from the natural oral conversations from the entire respondent. This study was conducted to find out several things as follows:

Ø Why do the Lawang’s speech community prefer to use their
language style with any additions to speak with the pure Javanese language?

Ø When do they use a particular language style?

Ø What is the pattern used in Language style of Lawang’s speech community?

v Research Instrument

The instrument that is use in this research is the human instrument. The writer her self
that has the important role to make the research. In order to get the accurate data; the writer makes list of several points such as; the name of respondent with their social background, age, level of education, and their occupations. It also includes the date when the data taken, the occasion of when the conversation happens, the analyzing item, and the writing instrument.
To get the data the writer involves her self to make some conversations with the entire respondent because she also uses the same language style as her speech community in her daily activities.

v Data Collection

After having some conversations and wrote some points from the entire respondents, then she collected all the forms to be analyzed. Based on the data, she would describe the phenomena of language style of lawang’s speech community that were adjusted on several factors: mood, solidarity, situation, occasion, politeness, and habit.

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS OF DATA

From Appendix 1

In this discourse, the writer has a simple conversation with her mother about the scholarship. She tells her mother that she got the scholarship from the university. The writer does not use the pure Javanese language but she prefers to use the addition of “Pe” in her utterances. Knowing that her mother also uses the same language style so that the writer does not change
her language style. Another consideration that influences the writer is the topic of conversation, which is quite dangerous to be known by public instead of these days.

From Appendix 2

The phenomena occurred in this discourse that the writer also uses the same language style with her friend in the same level. The usages of the “PE” addition in this case show that both the writer and her friend have known each other well. They like to use this style because of the
topic is secret thing so that it would not been known by other person who never knows this pattern. This style also makes the speakers feel comfortable during the conversation.

From Appendix 3

The language style in the utterances occurred because both the speakers want to make a joke after finishing the praying. Hopefully by using the language style, other listeners also give the contribution to the conversation.

From Appendix 4

In this discourse, there was the addition of “PE” as the language style. The speaker uses it because the conversation takes place in the market, which it visited by many people from other cities. There are consideration that force the speaker use this style rather than use the common Javanese language; the seller always give a discount when the speaker buy meat. If the speaker use common Javanese language it would been known by other buyers.

From Appendix 5

The phenomena occurred in the utterances because the speaker has the conversation with her little sister. The usage of the language style will add the familiarity between them. The sister does not have to worry to use this style because the impolite language. The language it self used by many people with various occupations and the different level of education and age.

From Appendix 6

In this case, the speaker use the language style in her conversation with her aunt because consideration of the aunt mood. Moreover, it is the tool to motivate the speaker to show her feeling of “tiring”. The language is informal based on conversation. It is common thing to use this language style.

From Appendix 7

The speaker prefer to use this language style than to use the common javanese language because she wants to give the person from the different level a self confident to have the conversation with one who comes from higher position. It will avoid the difference between the servant and her boss in using the same language style.

THE APPENDIXES

Appendix 1

(Conversation between the writer and her mother about the scholarship)

Writer (A) : Bu, pe-ak pe-en pe-du

Mother (B) : Pe-kap?

A : Pe-mang pe-es

B : Pe-ak yo?

A : Pe-ak bu, telungatus ewu

Appendix 2

(Conversation between the writer and her friend about the ceremony)

Friend (A) : Pe-lam pe-mar pe-wing pe-ram yo?

Writer (B) : Pe-ram nemen

A : Pe-sop sing pe-tek?

B : Pe-kab

A : Pe-nggo pe-op?

B : Pe-ak

Appendix 3

(Conversation between the writer and her neighbor about the Tarawih activities)

Writer (A) : Pe-mang pe-ak sing pe-sol

Neigh (B) : Iyo, la isih pe-an

A : Pe-im e yo pe-en

B ; Pe-en pe-nang pe-mas

Appendix 4

(Conversation between the writer and the seller of meat about the price of meat)

Writer (A) : Pe-pir pe-dag e?

Seller (B) : Sing pe-ap yo pe-lar

A : Pe-on sing pe-mur lan pe-ap

B : Yo, pe-gak pe-on

Appendix 5

(Conversation between the writer and her little sister about going out)

Sister (A) : Mbak hanik, pe-kap pe-met?

Writer (B): Pe-tuk pe-op

A : Pe-san
B : Yo, sore ae

Appendix 6

(Conversation between the writer and her aunt about her activity)

Writer (A) : Pe-gak pe-dol

Aunt (B) : Pe-ak pe-kes

A : Pe-tup yo

B : Pe-men pe-buk

Appendix 7

(Conversation between the writer and her aunt’s servant)

Writer (A) : Pe-gak pe-um pe-um a?

Servant (B): Pe-dur

A : Pe-ak a

B : Pe-gak, pe-tip a?
A : Wah, kok pe-nger pe-is pe-ak

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

1. Lawang’s speech community has their own language style to communicate.

2. The language style used in Lawang has been known by adding a particular term called “PE.”

3. The speech community prefers to use the Javanese language with the addition to speak the

pure Javanese language without any addition

4. Some factors that influence people to use the language style are mood, solidarity, situation,

topic of speech, occasion, politeness, and habits.

5. The Lawang’s speech communities speak their own Javanese language to their speech

community who are from the same region.

6. The pattern that used in Lawang’s language style is “PE”+ Javanese language (whether the

prefix only or the suffix)

7. The addition of “PE” in Javanese language Has been used by lawang’s speech community from

the different age, occupations, and social background

Undergraduate Education

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

People need many things in their lives. Food, clothing, and housing are the three primary needs.
However, as time goes by and information and technology have developed rapidly, people realize that besides those things, what they really need is education. Likewise, to cope with this IT era, it is imperative that they get not only primary and secondary education but also higher education. As a result, universities are being an important part of people’s lives. In Indonesia, more students enroll universities and most jobs now require at least an S1 graduate. Facts show that qualified university graduates give a great contribution to their family, society, and their country. Nevertheless, that kind of outcome is not easily produced with only the feeling of need and the willingness of education. They should be accompanied by a good system and capable human resources.

That is why, in most countries, including Indonesia, the governments and the communities pay much attention on the aspect of education. They try to apply a system, which they think is likely to create competent graduates. Yet, as usual, the practice is not so easy. Every system in every country has weaknesses and there is certainly a need to learn from each other. Higher education in Indonesia, for example, lacks in the facilities and personnels’ quality. To cover or to reduce the weaknesses, it is necessary that the Indonesian government, educational communities, and the students themselves learn from other countries which have better system. And it’s not only the system but also other things more related to culture, especially the students’ attitude and the relationship between teachers and students and among the students. The latter two subjects will be useful to broaden knowledge, to learn the ropes abroad, as well as to get adapted more easily with foreign people. This goes particularly to the Indonesians who want to study or work overseas in the field of education.

This paper will try to deal with the three points mentioned above in a form of comparison. Some limitations are made by the writer. First, the educational system compared to Indonesian’s will be the United States’. Why? Because the U.S. is a super power country of which higher education is very much developing and many of the Indonesian students, who study abroad, choose it as their destination country. Second, the educational level to be briefly analyzed is undergraduate education. This is due to the writer’s limited time and energy
and also because the writer’s background knowledge concerns mostly with that level. The objective of this paper is to describe the similarities and differences of the Indonesian and the U.S. undergraduate education, so that the readers can broaden their cross cultural understanding and can make use of it at least for themselves and hopefully, for the others.

CHAPTER II

A. SYSTEM

a. DEFINITION

In America, there are three conditions for an institution to be called a university. First, it offers graduate degrees, at least an M.A. or M. Sc., but probably the Ph. D. Second, its faculty (teaching members of the staff) are expected to do research and to publish. Third, it has more than one undergraduate program. In Indonesia, a university is an institution headed by a rector and has at least three faculties.

An undergraduate program in America is a two-year associate program or a four or five year bachelor’s degree program. It leads to an Associate degree or a bachelor’s degree, that is B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) and B. Sc. (Bachelor of Science). Undergraduate students in Indonesia receive a degree called “Sarjana” (S1). It now requires a minimum of four years of study in most disciplines although the period taken to complete the requirements is generally longer than this. S1 degrees in medicine, pharmacy, dentistry and veterinary science all require a minimum of four-and-a-half years of full-time study followed by a one-year internship or other practical training. There are many terms for the degrees awarded, such as the Sarjana in agriculture (Sarjana Pertanian, S.P), arts and letters (Sarjana Sastra, S.S), engineering (Sarjana Teknik, S.T), law, (Sarjana Hukum, abbreviated as S.H), mathematics and natural sciences (Sarjana Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, S.Si), and psychology (Sarjana Psikologi, S.Psi). Nevertheless, Sarjana in Education receive the same degree (Sarjana Pendidikan, S. Pd.) although their majors are different.

b. ADMISSION

A student’s enrollment to an undergraduate program in America is based on a combination of students' high school grade point average, letters of recommendation, and college entrance examination scores. There are some tests which are required by most colleges and universities for admission, that is ACT (American College Testing Program Assessment) and SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) which tests both verbal and mathematical abilities with the range of scores from 200 up to 800. The criteria will be stricter in the elite universities like Harvard, Stanford, and Yale. However, there are also some community colleges which set a very low standard of admission that any high school graduates who can pay a small fee can enroll to them. Placed in the middle are many universities, which are neither elite nor poor, such as Michigan State University and Ohio State University.

In Indonesia, since 1989 until now, state university students are taken from those who pass the Ujian Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri (UMPTN) or Entrance Examination for State Higher Education Institutions, which is coordinated through three regional divisions governing entry to state universities. There are also entries from PMDK or others with similar system but different names. There is a wide variation between universities in the score required for admission, with the smaller, newer regional universities accepting students with less than half the score required by the older and more prestigious universities. Enrollment to private universities is dependent on each institution’s policy, through a test or not.

Unlike in America where students can apply to many state universities without having to determine their major, Indonesian students are allowed to choose only three state universities in the UMPTN together with the departments they want to enroll. They are also required to rank their choices according to their priority and the universities’ prestige.

c. THE STRUCTURE OF LEADERSHIP

American undergraduate colleges, as well as Indonesian, are headed by deans who are helped by Department Heads. Yet, the deans in Indonesia have also three assistant deans. Below them is the faculty, a term with different meaning in the two countries. In America, it means people who teach at the university, the professors or teachers. In Indonesia, however, it is used as the tem for an administrative unit responsible for instruction in one branch of learning, such as Faculty of Letters and Faculty of Economy.

The university teachers in America have various titles. Some of them are professor, the permanent teachers; instructor, a beginning temporary, or part-time teacher; adjunct faculty, member of one department brought into another department to teach a needed course; graduate assistants, the universities’ graduate students who’re paid for teaching and research activity for a number of hours a week; teaching assistants (TA), simultaneously classroom students, teachers, and scholars-in-training; and so on. Some of them like the professor, adjunct faculty, and TA can often be found in Indonesian universities, yet the titles generally just vary between “Dosen” (Lecturer) and Lecturer Assistant. In America itself, lecturer is an uncommon rank.

American universities apply a tenure system, a system to determine whether a young faculty member would be given a permanent membership in the university’s faculty. It is based on the teaching performance, publications, and six or seven years in service. The fulfillment of the criteria would lead the young member to be an associate professor. He will need five years more and further publication to be awarded a rank of
professor.

d. SOURCES OF INCOME

The support for U.S. higher education has assumed the following proportions: 50 % private sources: endowment (large gifts of money/ land/ commodities), alumni and corporate giving, grants, auxiliary services (lodgings, bookstores, parking lots, athletic events); 30 % state and local support; 20 % federal funds. At publicly supported universities, state residents pay a relatively low tuition whereas non-residents including foreign students pay considerably more. Private universities take more tuition. Additionally, students have to pay fees for many kinds of special services, such as admission fees, late registration fees, and gymnasium fees.

In Indonesia, public universities are primarily funded from the Government's routine and development budgets. Fees and other student contributions have traditionally been a smaller proportion of the total budget in state institutions of higher education than at secondary level. In recent years, universities have been given more autonomy in this respect, and the level of fees has risen. Private universities are heavily dependent on tuition fees and other student contributions, such as examination fees and contributions to building funds. At state universities, there’s no different tuition for residents and non-residents, except perhaps, for foreign students.

e. STUDENT SERVICES

To help students to deal with academic problems and to complete their studies satisfactorily, both American and Indonesian universities provide their students with some services and facilities. Academic advising is the very common service students get which assist them in planning an educational program, with emphasis on meeting requirements for degree completion. About facilities, the most common ones are the library and laboratory. Different with American libraries, the Indonesian libraries provide a high proportion of foreign language books. A number of American universities have museum, theater, publisher’s press, gymnasium, buildings for athletic events, bookstores, and dormitories. At large state universities, there is usually an agricultural operation – a cornfield or pens for farm animals. A very big American university might also have its own bus system. Those facilities are not easily found in Indonesian universities, except in small number of big and prestigious universities.

f. ACADEMIC YEAR

The duration of academic year in America is usually nine months, which is divided into either two terms (semesters), three terms (trimesters), or four terms (quarters). Schools on semesters and trimesters usually offer optional summer terms for students who want to complete their programs more quickly. In Indonesia, the academic year usually consists of semesters except for very few special programs. There is also a term called “Semester Pendek” or short term that is used to earn more credits or improve grades.

Similar with Indonesia, each term of the semesters in America take 15-16 weeks time, the first begins in early September and ends in December, whereas the second is from January to May. The difference is just that Americans call them fall and spring semesters and Indonesians use the term odd and even semesters. The summer term in America and the short term in Indonesia both are usually done from June to August.

g. CURRICULA, COURSES, AND CREDITS

The university curricula in America are arranged in a way that can satisfy the needs of the states where it is located. Almost every course learns things related with the actual condition in America. The curricula give students increasing choice in course selection. The courses might worth 1, 2, or 3 credits depending on the particular course, the time spent in class, or the difficulty of the subject. One credit hour is duration of 50 minutes. Besides the required courses, there are also elective courses, courses chosen by the students for personal interest. The system is not really different with Indonesia since it also takes the U.S. model although it’s not standardized for all universities. Nevertheless, as one of the three purposes of universities in Indonesia is social service (the other two are education and research), some institutions require students to fulfil a community service requirement during their third and fourth years, generally as part of projects to aid village development.

h. MAJOR, MINOR, AND GENERAL EDUCATION

The term major in America and Indonesia refers to the subject in which the students specialize and, usually, the area in which they plan their careers. At most universities in Indonesia, students have chosen their major before they enroll to the universities and begin the study of the subject from the beginning of their university studies, although a small number of specialized institutions (such as the Bogor Institute of Technology) have a common first year taken by most students.

On the other hand, in the U.S., most students have not determined their major and most state universities require their students to take classes in a range of fields in the first two years of their studies. The students are also expected to acquire knowledge in the prerequisites of a future major field of study. In this time, they are exploring what subjects they like and don't like, what subjects they are good at and vice versa. They are permitted to enter a major in their third year at the university. They may select their major from a huge number of different programs. Under university rules, they may repeatedly change their ideas about which particular field they wish to pursue.

Unlike Indonesian, the American students have the term minor to call the subjects they study at less concentrated level in order to round out an education. But in Indonesia, there are basic courses, such as the Educational courses which are required to take by students who want to become teachers. Still, there is another similarity between America and Indonesia is the General Education. It is courses which are compulsory for all students. Some examples in Indonesia would be the courses of religion, national history and Pancasila, and the Indonesian national deology.

i. GRADING

Most school/collegesin America use the following grading system:

A = Excelent

B = Above average

C = Average

D = passing but bellow average

F = Failure - no credit

The grades have equivalent numeric values used in computing the grade point average (GPA): A (4.0); A- (3.7); B+ (3.3); B- (2.7), C+ (2.3); C (2.0); C- (1.7); D+ (1.3); D (1.0); D- (0.7); F (no quality points). The cumulative average (cum) is calculated by adding the numeric values of each grade and dividing by the number of courses taken.

Not really different, Indonesia also uses the letter grading system:

A = Excellent

B = Good

C = Fair

D = Inadequate

E = Fail

The scale is from 0 to 4, where students have to repeat taking the subjects in which they get D or E. The repetition, however, has no influence on the students’ transcript except that the student needs longer time to finish his study. The Grade Point Average (GPA) is calculated based on a student's overall academic performance during a program. To calculate the overall GPA, the grade obtained in each course (between 0 and 4) is multiplied by the number of credit hours allocated to the course; these numbers are added together and then divided by the total number of credit hours required for the degree.

Unlike in Indonesia, there is a grade called an incomplete (IN) in America that is given by a professor to a student who can complete the course requirements or does not attend the final exam for a justifiable reason. Generally, an "IN" which is not removed in the first eight weeks of the following semester becomes an "F". There is also an opportunity to the American students to choose the Pass/Fail or credit/unsatisfactory option for some courses to avoid a fall in their GPA. Credit is awarded for a passing grade or denied for a failing grade.

J. Graduation

In Indonesia, under the credit system, a minimum of between 144 and 160 credits point must be gained over a minimum of four years of full-time study for the completion of the first degree, the Sarjana (S1). In the medical profession, such as medecine, dentistry and veterinary medecine, where a minimum of four-and-a-half years of full-timestudy is required, the number of credit points needed is between 150 and 160, with a further36 to 40 allocated for completion of the intership orother practical training. In America, the general requirement to be awarded a bechelor degree would be 120 semester credit. The minimum GPA would be 2.0.

The students' transcript in America include everything by which Americans measure students' academic performance and ability: all courses and grades, award and honors, and cooperative work experiences.In Indonesia,it generally states only the courses and grades, and the cumulative GPA.

Thera are two types of Sarjana (S1) in Indonesia, either those who write a thesis (skripsi) or those who do not. The student form the second kind are ussually required to sit for a comprehensive examination. On the contrary, the American undergraduate students are not required to write thesis, take comprehensive exams, or to answer hard questions from a committee. The graduates in America and Indonesia hold a bachelor degree with different titles as it's been mentioned in point (a).